Category Archives: Genetics

How much Neanderthal DNA do You Have?

Biology, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration

DNA solved the mystery of Neanderthal

You have a lot of Neanderthal DNA. At least 99.5 percent of your DNA is identical to Neanderthal 1. Recent DNA sequencing reveals the truth of Neanderthal, and it is time to bury all our preconceived ideas about him.

We have been led to believe that Neanderthal is our ancient, hairy, brutish, ape-like, ignorant, slumped-over ancient cousin. And that he went extinct because he was inept. His DNA, however, is shouting out to us that this is not the case. He is 99.5 percent like us. This 99.5 percent similarity is not based on our opinion or analysis; it is based on published secular scientific papers. By the way, we present-day humans share this same amount of DNA, 99.5 percent, with one another 2. Whether you are European, African, Asian, American, or Australian, you are closely related to Neanderthal. The 0.5 percent that separates us from one another, and Neanderthal, lies in our genetic markers. *  These genetic markers provide humanity with natural variation.

What we know about Neanderthal

So, let’s follow the Neanderthal DNA and see where it takes us. Thanks to the work of many scientists, we now have more than mitochondrial DNA sequences 3. And thanks to several private laboratories, these DNA sequences are being translated into physical characteristics. Here are several examples of what is being discovered about Neanderthal:

Neanderthal is fully human

Neanderthal falls inside the variation of present-day human DNA 3 . Therefore, it would be difficult to conclude anything other than Neanderthal being fully human. He shares the status of “made in the image and likeness of God” (Genesis 1:26) with us.

Neanderthal had less hair than modern humans

Neanderthal had less hair on his back than many present-day humans. This characteristic is due to genetic marker rs4849721, which Neanderthal and some present-day humans share. If you have a T at this marker position, you probably have less back hair than average 4. Neanderthals have the T, which means they probably had less back hair than the average present-day human. Hmmm, so much for the hairy ape-man image.

Neanderthal and freckles

Neanderthals had freckles 5. People with light skin get freckles because they have less melanin, which causes uneven tanning. It appears that freckles are now in vogue. Some of our most famous movie stars have them. So, Neanderthals are not just human, but “in vogue” humans.

Neanderthal Complexion

Several Neanderthal DNA sequences have genes indicative of red hair 5 and blue eyes. That is not to say that all Neanderthal had red hair and blue eyes, but, at least, some had these characteristics. By now, hopefully, you can see that at least some Neanderthals would look like someone you would bump into at a St. Patrick’s Day celebration.

Neanderthal Speech

Neanderthal shares the FOXP2 gene 6 with us, indicating that he was capable of complex speech just as we are. Also, it is generally accepted that Neanderthal had a larger brain 7 than present-day man. So, perhaps he was more articulate than we are.

Neanderthal strength and energy

Although Neanderthals share 99.5 percent of our total DNA, they share only 98.7 percent of our mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This difference in mitochondrial DNA is interesting and can be explained. Mitochondrial DNA is a primary contributor to our energy, strength, and length of life. The fact that Neanderthal mtDNA differs from us by 1.3 percent fits the fossil evidence nicely. Neanderthal fossils indicate them having better muscle tone, more strength, and better bone structure than we have. In short, he was buff. Also, some mature Neanderthals had a prominent brow ridge indicative of them living long lives 8.

Neanderthal complex relationships

Neanderthals, in general, have less genetic diversity than we have; however, researchers are finding little or no evidence of incest 9. This, in my opinion, signifies that Neanderthal had complex relationship structures, as do we. Maybe he came calling with a bouquet of flowers, a box of chocolates, and an articulate, witty proposal.

Neanderthal was not an ape-man

According to DNA, Neanderthal is 99.5 percent like you. He was not a hairy, ignorant, inept ape-man. He was human, created in the image of God just like you. So, the obvious question is, where does Neanderthal fit into the chronicles of human history? We have concluded that he is the Biblical pre-flood human (click here).

Commentary Note: You may have heard that some geneticists proclaim that we have only a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. Some say 2-4 percent, some say 0 percent, and some say 20 percent. These claims come from the same scientific community that says we share 99.5 percent of our DNA with Neanderthals. Why this huge conflict? Suffice it to say, the 99.5 percent is correct, and the lower numbers are contrived to justify the “out of Africa” and evolutionary hypotheses. To demonstrate this point, ask yourself how we can share only 2-4 percent with Neanderthal and 50 percent of our DNA with the banana? It depends on what data is used for analysis and how one interprets it. The DNA sequences are available to the public and can be verified and viewed by anyone.

Summary

Neanderthals were all human and, in many ways, superior to modern-day humans. They fit perfectly into human history as being  pre-flood i.e., antediluvian humans.

New details on Neanderthal are emerging every day, as are Neanderthal’s physical appearance reconstructions. We will keep you posted:

* Genetic markers – Single Nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, short tandem repeats, et. al.

Additional Links:

For more of our papers, please CLICK HERE

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References:

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/
  2. https://www.genome.gov/10001551/genetic-variation-program/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100745/
  4. https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Neanderthal/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962522/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766443/
  7. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2008/09/09/neanderthal-brain-size- at-birth-sheds-light-on-human-evolution/
  8. Cuozzo J., (1998) “Buried Alive the Startling Truth About Neanderthal Man,” Master Books Inc.
  9. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/prehistoric-humans-are-likely-to-have-formed-mating-networks-to-avoid-inbreeding

 

 

Rebuilding the Human Heart

Biology, Genetics

Overview

More people die from heart disease in the USA than any other illness. However, researchers are saying that they have hopes of rebuilding the human heart. They use the technique used when the heart is first formed: stem cells. When building or rebuilding the human heart, the stem cells automatically do their job and self-assembly occurs. Truly the stem cells appear to have built-in intelligence.

The human heart
The human heart

Research Texas Heart Institute – Rebuilding the human heart

The Texas Heart Institute in Houston is conducting some fascinating research. The end goal is to develop a method of rebuilding defective human hearts and supplying them to those in need of heart transplants. The researchers obtained a defective human heart and removed all the cells except what is called the extracellular matrix, the outer framework. They removed all the veins, arteries, valves, and electrical grid. It looked like a heart but was nonfunctional. Then, they poured stem cells into the voided heart membrane. The stem cells transformed themselves into the various cells needed to rebuild the heart, and each cell went to its proper place.

As a result, all cells worked in unison to form the required heart components. The heart looked to be complete and viable. Next, the researchers filled the veins and arteries with fluid, and, to everyone’s amazement, the heart STARTED BEATING AND PUMPING! WOW! The heart automatically rebuilt itself from stem cells!

The research, as mentioned above, is terrific news for those needing heart transplants and good news for those, like the present writer, who are investigating epigenetics and the origin of life. The fact that the stem cells can transform and somehow assemble heart components makes one wonder: What mechanism and what intelligence makes this possible. It appears to be automatic self-assembly, but automatic self-assembly defies all logic and scientific principles.

The Texas Heart institute research and findings are well documented in the following: PBS Transplanting Hope or Youtube Transplanting Hope

Automatic self-assembly Building the Heart

A few years ago, I bought a crib. The packaged kit had all the parts and instructions. It also had a good picture of the finished crib. There were probably 30 pieces, including the fasteners. It took one evening to assemble it, and when done, it was apparent that I had reversed the back and front. Wouldn’t it have been nice if the crib parts would have had the intelligence to self-assemble? Imagine the difficulty in assembling the human body with 37 trillion cells, each cell containing trillions of pieces. Biological automatic self-assembly is indeed a task of Biblical proportions and requires divine intelligence.

Stem cells
Stem cells

Think about how a heart develops in a baby. At conception, the ovum joins with the sperm and becomes a complete DNA package known as an egg. The egg is a single cell, a master stem cell, and it divides over and over until it becomes a mass of stem cells. The photo on the right shows a few stem cells on a pinpoint. This is what you looked like shortly after conception. Amazingly, these stem cells have a built-in mechanism designed for automatic self-assembly.

Fourteen days after conception, the heart begins to form. Each stem cell assigned to the heart transforms itself into a heart cell. Then, the automatic self-assembly of the heart starts and takes three days to complete. Next, the fully functional heart begins to beat and pump blood. We must not forget that timing is critical; when the heart starts beating, it must have blood to pump and have a place to pump it. It appears that automatic self-assembly is responsible for both building and rebuilding the human heart.

The Biblical Creation

Reportedly, the researchers at the Texas Heart Institute concluded that the stem cells take their cues from the extracellular matrix. It seems to be the only possibility. But how does it work? The stem cells have no arms, legs, fingers, or brains! When confused, we can look to the Bible:

John 1:1-3  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (KJV)

The Bible states that the Word of God created all things, which would include an automatic-self-assembly mechanism. God’s Word permeates all things throughout the universe. In short, the Creator’s intelligence is embodied in everything. Every star, every atom, every molecule, every cell, every photon, and every heart has it. One could say it is omnipresent. God’s Word is not only omnipresent, but it is also omniscient. It tells the stem cell what to become, where to go, and how to self-assemble. Additionally, God’s Word is omnipotent and provides the energy and labor to accomplish that which He wants to accomplish, including automatic biological self-assembly. The details of this divine mechanism are yet to be understood, but other explanations are absent.

From the above scripture, we can see that God’s Word is embedded in the extracellular heart matrix. His Word is everywhere and accomplishes that which He wills: Here, we see the Lord speaking through His prophet, Isaiah:

Isaiah 55:11  So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. 

Biological Automatic Self-assembly is Universal – no Exceptions

Since automatic self-assembly is not unique to human hearts; it is the method whereby all life grows and matures: every human, every mammal, every reptile, every bird, every plant, every bacterium, every fungus, and every insect. Automatic self-assembly happens routinely every day trillions of times. David wrote a psalm showing he understood:

Psalm 139:14  I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well.

Note: The scientific term for automatic self-assembly of the heart or any organ is “organogenesis,” and the general term for automatic biological self-assembly is morphogenetics. They are both poorly understood by the scientific community. Furthermore, it poses a problem for those who embrace evolutionary theory in that automatic self-assembly would have to be in place before the first cell is divided.

Additional Suggested reading:

Biological Automatic Self-assembly

Eve’s DNA  

Jesus’ DNA 

For more of our papers, please CLICK HERE

If you would like to contact us, please CLICK HERE

 

Biological growth: automatic self-assembly

Biology, Genetics

Amazingly, there are no laws of biology that have gained consensus. Therefore, here is our proposed first law of biology that should be acceptable to all:

All biological growth is due to automatic self-assembly

Consider biological growth; it is accomplished automatically, and it is self-assembled. For instance, growth processes such as meiosis and mitosis are complex to the extreme but automatic and self-orchestrated. It matters not if it is bacteria growth, virus growth, plant growth, or mammal growth; it is all automatic and self-assembled. Consider human growth: it self-assembles starting with a single cell. Then, it grows to a fully viable human with trillions of cells in just nine months. It must be pointed out that there are no exceptions to biological growth due to automatic self-assembly. It happens all the time everywhere to every species.

DNA

DNA is a code that defines our species and traits. However, it cannot build anything; it is a code, a blueprint for life. Codes and blueprints can’t build anything. For instance, to build a house, it takes more than a blueprint; it takes a contractor, carpenters, plumbers, bricklayers, dry-wallers, and electricians to put it all together. DNA is

Hummingbird
Automatic self-assembled hummingbird

only the blueprint. There are 9 million (number of species) unique codes for the various kinds/species, and each species self-assembles. How? We don’t know, but we see it happen trillions of times each day. How did this hummingbird (on the right) self-assemble at each stage of its life: egg, hatchling, fledgling, and mature bird? What told the cells where to go and what to do?

Butterfly
Twice automatic self-assembled butterfly

Additionally, one of the most extraordinary examples of self-assembly is the butterfly. The butterfly starts as an egg, self-assembles into a worm. The worm hatches and has worm body, a worm diet, and a worm metabolism. Then, it becomes a chrysalis which deconstructs the worm and self-assembles a butterfly. The butterfly has a butterfly body, wings, a flight control system, a butterfly diet, and a butterfly metabolism. Moreover, the butterfly is like a new creature, nothing like a worm. It is fascinating to watch, and it only takes days. There are no exceptions; all biological growth is automatic and self-assembled.

Scientific Laws

Even though we do not understand how automatic self-assembly works, we do know it does work, and it works very well. It is not necessary to understand something before forming a scientific law. For instance, the laws of gravity and entropy are accepted by all, but the mechanisms for each are not understood. Is gravity a particle, or is it curved space? Why does entropy go only in one direction? We do not know. However, we know that gravity is predictable anywhere on the earth, the moon, or anywhere in the universe. We understand the effects of gravity but not the mechanism. And we know that entropy always increases. So it is with biological growth. It is always automatic and self-assembled without exception. Therefore, we propose it as a law that: All biological growth is due to automatic self-assembly

Complexity

The example above of the house construction is good, but let’s go into a few additional details. In contrast, biological growth is much more complex. Consider the developing baby, its electrical grid is built and wired to live, move, think, and sense. Then there are the vital organs that automatically appear that allow the baby to eat various foods, metabolize them, and discharge the waste. Also, the baby automatically constructs a plumbing system capable of supplying blood to each of the trillions of cells. In addition, stem cells know how to assemble a mechanism that can work in unison with millions of bacteria and produce an immune system. The most difficult of all is that the baby automatically assembles a mechanism allowing the baby to be conscious.

For something complex to automatically self-assemble takes much intelligence. Imagine if we could build a machine that would go out and collect materials, produce parts, and assemble them. We have yet to conquer automatic self assembly in making cars, houses, and airplanes. To do so would require much intelligence and skill. However, all biological life does it. Some say it is a series of accidents and give credit to chaos. Chaos results in chaos unless it is mixed with intelligence. Automatic self-assembly requires much intelligence, divine intelligence.

The evolutionary view of automatic self-assembly

The evolutionary view of automatic self-assembly is that it came out of chaos, a state of no information, order, intelligence, or purpose.

A friend of mine majored in microbiology and the issue of automatic self-assembly was questioned during a lecture. The question was, how does it happen; the professor responded, it just does.

Biblical view of automatic self-assembly

In the beginning, God formed all creatures according to their kind. He built a reproductive mechanism in all creatures. This reproduction mechanism was automatic and divinely created. We have the details in the account of Adam and Eve. God formed Adam from the earth and made Adam a living soul. Then He took Adam’s rib and formed Eve. Together, Adam and Eve had a reproductive system capable of giving birth to Cain, Abel, Seth, and others. Moreover, God formed and assembled Adam and Eve but not their offspring. Everyone after Eve, including those alive today, was automatically self-assembled.

The present writer has concluded that automatic self-assembly is one more nail in the coffin of evolution, and the Biblical narrative is the only explanation that makes sense. Automatic self-assembly requires information, intelligence, order, and purpose. In short, it requires a divine Creator.

Summary

Biological growth is happening everywhere, and it is always automatic and self-assembled. Consequently, we don’t think about it or question it. For some reason, scientists are ignoring it. Now is the time to accept it as a law of biology and investigate how it works. The present writer is a creationist and believes that God implemented it but is curious to understand how He did it.

Additional Suggested reading:

How to Build and Rebuild the Human Heart

Adam’s Rib

Eve’s DNA  

Jesus’ DNA 

For more of our papers, please CLICK HERE

If you would like to contact us, please CLICK HERE

 

Science and the Bible

Biology, Cosmology, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Isotope dating

There are many people in the scientific community that are in conflict with themselves; the conflict is between their religious beliefs, Bible science, and their connection with modern science. Then, there are parents that are at a loss to explain the differences between Bible science and what their children are being taught in school. If either of these describes your situation, this blog can be of help to you.

Adam

Consider going back in time and having an experienced group of scientists examine the creation just after its completion; they will examine Adam (the first human), a tree, a rock, and a star.

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-silhouette-various-people-various-positions-businessmen-image64824952First, our scientists observe Adam just a few days after his creation, they observe that Adam was a certain height, weight and had the physical characteristics of an adult. These observations would be correct and irrefutable, and these observations would be in tune with the Bible in that Adam, just days after the beginning, had all the characteristics of an adult. However, if the scientists conclude that Adam had been alive for say 20-30 years, this interpretation of the observations would be wrong since Adam had been alive for just a few days. Adam is unique: he was not born; God formed him out of the earth.

There is an old rhetorical question, “what came first the chicken or the egg?” Actually, this question is not rhetorical and does have an answer; the answer is: the chicken came first. The Bible is clear;  God created all things to be mature and fully operational. This applies to both the chicken and Adam.

The Tree

Now, let’s look at one tree the week after creation. The scientists take a bore sample and analyze the tree rings. They

Tree Rings_small observe the number of tree rings, the sulfur dioxide levels, the carbon 14 ratios, and growth rate for the years recorded by the tree rings. So, again the observations i.e., the number of rings, carbon 14 levels, sulfur dioxide levels, and rings widths are irrefutable; they can be measured and are in tune with the Biblical theme of a mature creation. The disagreement begins if age is assigned to the tree.  The tree is less than one week old (Genesis 1:12 and 13), but mature. The trees had to be created as mature in order to fulfill their role in our complex ecosystem: providing food, oxygen, and their other important functions.

The Rock

Rock_in_woodsNext, our scientists identify a rock as a certain type of rock and take the rock to the lab; at the lab, they perform potassium/argon isotope dating and determine that the rock is billions of years old; however, the rock is, in fact, just a few days old. God created it during the first 6 days and created it so it could provide the necessary mass, minerals, and isotopes required for a fully balanced, mature Earth.

The Star

Finally, our scientists look at the heavens and see a star through the
telescope. Certainly, they classify it and determine its mass, redshift, and other interesting details Nasa_Starsincluding the apparent age of several billion years. However, it too is just days old. The Bible says that the heavens proclaim the glory of God (Psalm 19:1). If God had to start the heavens with just space dust, it wouldn’t proclaim His glory and majesty. The Bible states that He stretched out the heavens in one day (Genesis 1:14-19, Isaiah 42:5) to fully display His glory with mature stars, planets, nebulae, comets, and galaxies.

Mature Creation

Does this all mean that God is deceitful? Absolutely not! His Word, the Bible, states clearly that He created everything in just six days, and everything was functional and mature.  The creation is complex to the extreme and everything was stable, in balance, and, above all – ready to use. If you want a house, you don’t want to wait 25 years before it is ready to occupy; you want to move in as soon as possible. If you buy a car, you don’t want to wait 10 years to be able to drive it; you want it immediately so you can drive it.

Interestingly, this attribute of the creation, i.e., mature from the beginning, poses an interesting question: what model did God use for the recorded history prior to the beginning? For example, in the tree rings, what history was recorded? We don’t know; however, we can offer several possibilities:

(1) God is an infinite God, and His existence is from everlasting to everlasting (Psalm 90:2). Therefore, maybe, history also has no beginning and no end and is transferable from one reality to another;

(2) Genesis chapter 1 states that things were “created after their kind,” and this may also be true of history, maybe it was created after its kind; and

(3) Time may be multi-directional, and the time recorded in the tree rings may be the future had sin not occurred.

These ideas and others can be good for discussion. Please comment if you have ideas you would like to share.

Summary

Consider the above examples: Adam, the tree, the rock, and the star. God created them all to be mature and fully functional to perform their role in this magnificent, divine creation we call the universe.

Suggested Additional Reading:

Adam’s Rib

Eve’s DNA  

Jesus’ DNA 

For more of our papers, please CLICK HERE

If you would like to contact us, please CLICK HERE

If you would like to subscribe and get our latest postings CLICK HERE

Find Your Ancient Biblical Ancestor – Noah’s Sons

Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration, Y-chromosomes

With this paper,  you can find your ancient Biblical ancestor. Is it Shem, Ham, or Japheth? At Genesis and Genetics, we have examined Y-chromosome genomes searching for Noah and his three sons. They were easy to find. According to our analysis, if you have the rs17306671 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A, you are from Shem. The rs9786139 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A means you are from Ham. And if you have the rs3900 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide G, you are from Japheth. Of course, if you are a woman, you don’t have a Y-chromosome; so, you will have to get your father’s or brother’s DNA.

Background 

Here is some background: Y-chromosome DNA is found only in men. Consequently, men pass it down to their sons and their son’s sons, etc. The Y-chromosome has approximately 60 million base pairs, each subject to mutations. Mutations develop in the Y-chromosome, typically at the rate of 2 mutations per generation (Reference 1 and 30 years per generation). Therefore, these mutations are genetic markers that allow us to track ancestry. Our findings are consistent with the Bible and modern science raw data.

Consequently, if one man populated all the earth, all males would have his Y-chromosome. Then, if this man had two sons, one would expect that roughly half of the world would have one son’s mutations and the other half would have the other son’s mutations. Furthermore, if our original ancestor had ten grandsons, one would expect each grandson to have mutations in approximately 10 percent of the male population. Successive generations would continue to generate new mutations that would form a human family tree. Geneticists call this tree a phylogenetic tree.

Procedure – Y-chromosome Analysis

The following presents the easy-to-follow logic and analysis which anyone can repeat.

We started by looking for all Y-chromosome mutations/markers with a frequency of more than 5 percent. This was easy by taking existing phylogenetic trees and looking for which markers had a frequency of more than 5 % of the population. 

Next, we took one single human Y-chromosome genome (HG02461 a man from Gambia, Africa).  We found that he had a marker at L15, re9786139. This marker is in approximately 38 percent of the world’s male population. So, we knew our African from Gambia came from our ancient ancestor with the L15 marker.  

Then we continued to look at individual human genomes from other places in Africa, Japan, China, Europe, South America, and North America. We found that all our subjects were related to one of just three major groups. Specifically, these groups were L15/ rs9786139, M9/ rs3900, and M429/ rs17306671. The implication is that our original male ancestor had three sons. Consequently, all male humans were born from these three sons.

Data

The data used in this research came from the 1000 genomes project (Reference 2) and was retrieved using the Ensembl browser (Reference 3). The data appeared to be correct with no errors. We eliminated no data due to suspect errors, and no data was “cherry-picked” to suit any preconceived ideas. Our thanks to the great effort of those who did the sequencing and publishing of the raw data. We also greatly appreciate that it was made available to the public.

Spreadsheets – Ancient Ancestors

The spreadsheet below documents 57 Y-genomes of diverse people (Americas, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, and Africa). It provides 57 rows (individual male humans) and 30 columns (mutations over 5 percent of the population). Each column element of the matrix was color-coded to show us whether the individual had the mutation or not. We noticed patterns beginning to form (you can CLICK HERE to see the EXCEL copy.)

 

Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 1)
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 1)

Next, we switched columns and rows to form groups. Then, we arranged the mutations in descending order based on MAF percentage. A clear pattern emerged, as one can see in the figure below. We see that each individual fits into just one group and has no mutations in any other group. Also, we see that every individual in each group has the mutation with the greatest MAF; this is the mutation of the most ancient ancestor of that group. Here is what the spreadsheet looks like after grouping: Note: you can CLICK HERE to see the matrix in EXCEL. This image will allow you to find your ancient Biblical ancestor: Shem, Ham, or Japheth

Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 2)
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 2)

Looking at the matrix above, we see that each group has one maximum MAF. The yellow is .38, the red is .52, and the green is .10. They add up to 100 percent.

Biblical Narrative

Now that we have shown that our most ancient ancestor had three sons, we can state that this finding is consistent with the Bible. The three groups are compatible with the three sons of Noah: Ham, Shem, and Japheth. The Bible states that, generally, those from Ham went south to Africa and southern Asia, those from Japheth went north to northern Europe and northern Asia, and those from Shem stayed in the Caucuses, the Near East, and North Africa. Therefore, one could easily conclude that Ham is the yellow group, Shem is the green group, and Japheth is the red group. Note: We now know Noah’s Y-chromosome since it is the genome of the three sons with all mutations removed.

Bible in Genesis 10, the Table of Nations, states that all humanity came from these three sons:

Genesis 10:1  Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.

Genesis 10:32  These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

Results

Therefore, we can assume that roughly 1/3 of the earth’s male population came from each son, but, since Japheth had seven sons, Ham had four sons, and Shem had five sons; therefore, the following world percentages are more applicable:

Patriarch   Number of sons    % Projected World Population        Observation

Japheth        7 sons                                              43.75                                        52

Ham                4 sons                                              25                                              38

Shem              5 sons                                              31.25                                        10

The chart above shows that the Ham and Japheth results were higher than expected, and Shem was lower than expected. However, the following explains the differences:

(1) The Ham and Japheth offspring are in the world’s heavily populated areas, namely South and East Asia.

(2) The Thousand Genomes Project did not provide representatives of the Near East, the Mid-East, or Northern Africa, all of which would increase the Shem percentage, thereby decreasing Ham and Japheth’s percentages.

The above two issues are not meant as criticism but offered as an explanation.

Historical Evidence

Our findings are consistent with the Bible, ancient secular history, and genetic diversity:

  1. The Bible documents Noah and his family as the only ones spared from the deluge that flooded the entire earth, and  Noah’s three sons repopulated the world.
  2. The historical period began when the Sumerians began writing cuneiform tablets. These early writings documented the kings before and after the flood. Also, the Sumerian legends are consistent with three sons repopulating the world. These three sons were t
  3. According to the Bible and Sumerian history, all humanity came from one family. As they migrated throughout the world, those separated into satellite groups lost their genetic diversity; therefore, the most genetic diversity should be where Noah’s family settled, the Near East. Those who migrated to the Americas, Australia, and southern Africa lost genetic diversity. We can consider two levels of observing genetic diversity, first, what we see and, second, what DNA tells us. We can easily see eye color, skin color, and hair color. Looking at a globe, it is apparent that those with the most visual diversity meet in the Near East, the place of disembarkation from Noah’s Ark. From a DNA standpoint, one can look at the diversity of haplogroups, both Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial. The extremities are South Africa, Australia, and the Americas, with only a few haplogroups. The location with the most haplogroups is in the Near East.

Summary

(1) Anyone can trace their ancient ancestry back to Shem, Ham, or Japheth by using our method. Women will need DNA from a father, brother, or some other male relative.

(2) From a Y-chromosome perspective, it appears that all humanity came from three male humans.

(3) Item (1) is not proof of the Biblical narrative concerning Noah’s three sons, but it is consistent with it. To prove it, one would have to sequence every human male ever born and analyze his genome.

(4) We can now project Noah’s DNA; it is that of his three sons with no mutations.

(5) Our findings are consistent with the Bible, Sumerian history, and our current state of human diversity.

Future analysis It is now possible to know the Y-chromosome DNA of Noah’s grandchildren. 

References:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748900/#:~:text=The%20chromosomes%20were%20separated%20by,7.0%20%C3%97%2010%E2%88%928).

2 https://www.internationalgenome.org/

3 https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

Appendix A

If you want to repeat this analysis or add to it, you may use our step-by-step procedure.

Let’s start by taking someone from, perhaps, Peru and find out to which group he belongs. Did he come from Shem, Ham, or Japheth?

(1) We open Ensembl (https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html ). Leave everything default and enter rs9786139 in the upper right-hand box—hit enter.

(2) You should get a new window with the following “rs9786139 (Human Variant).” Click on it. Notice that the MAF is .38.

(3) Click on the ICON that says, “population genetics.” Scroll down to find “AMR” and the subgroup “PEL.” Click on the “PEL.” You can see that 95 percent of this group has a “G,” and 5 percent of the population have an “A.” Next, go to the far right of the “PEL” row and click on “show.” Each of the rows of this screen is an actual human being. You will notice that most of this group has a “G,” but a few have an “A.”

(4) Looking at the population genetics of those from PEL, Peru, you can see that a few Peruvians are from Ham, but most are from someone else. You can find out who by entering the defining mutations for Shem and Japheth. If you enter all the mutations and analyze the same Peruvian, you will see all his mutations fall into one group. If you look at rs3900, you will see that most Peruvians are from Japheth.

(5) continue entering the mutations one by one, and you will see that our Peruvian is only from one group and has no mutations from any other group. If you do a significant number of individuals, please send them to us.

In addition:

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