Category Archives: Human phylogenetics

Y-chromosome Validates the Bible

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration, Noah's flood, Y-chromosomes

Foreword

Those who believe the Bible accept it by faith; however, there are many accounts in the Bible that are testable scientifically. One of these accounts is that of Noah having three sons and these three sons repopulated the entire earth after the flood . This paper provides scientific evidence that all men alive today came from one of three ancient ancestors. Our findings are based on Y-chromosome analysis. The analysis is simple, straightforward, and repeatable; anyone can understand it and repeat it. The data is fully documented herein and generated from mainstream scientific community sources (Reference 1 is the browser and Reference 2 contains the sequences used).

The Bible made the following proclamation thousands of years ago, and now we have the genetic tools to test its validity:

Genesis 9:19  These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.

Genesis 10:32  These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. 

Background

We know that the Y-chromosome is passed from father to son, and, in general, each generation passes on a few genetic variants to the next generation. These variants provide genetic markers which are highly valuable for tracking ancestry. Geneticists sort people into groups called haplogroups because they contain like genetic markers. The haplogroups form a family tree for all humanity and allow us to trace ancestry back to our most ancient ancestors.

Former Work

We, at Genesis and Genetics, made a preliminary evaluation of Y-chromosome DNA genetic markers and discovered that all human men on earth came from one of three ancient ancestors (Reference 3). We found that any human man could trace his genetic markers back to one and only one of three ancient ancestors. Any man with a marker ‘A’ at rs9786139 is from one ancient ancestor, a marker ‘A’ at rs17306671 is from another ancient ancestor, and a marker ‘G’ at rs3900 is from the third ancient ancestor. It was easy to associate these three most ancient ancestors with Ham, Shem, and Japheth by looking at Biblical history of migration and nations. Ham had the ‘A’ at rs9786139; Shem had the ‘A’ at rs17306671; and Japheth had the ‘G’ at rs3900.

This former research was based on a study of 57 modern human men. All the men had one and only one of the three markers stated above.

Note: We use the terms “mutations,” “variants,” and “markers” interchangeably.

Confirmation

Since our original study, we have looked at many more sequences, a total of 1233 Y-chromosome genomes, and found they all conformed to our original findings.  Reference 4  documents the 1233 human genomes and which ones are from each of Noah’s three sons. All 1233 humans had one and only one of the three markers. There were no exceptions. This paper confirms our original findings and compares our Biblical ancestral family tree to that of mainline science.

Comparison to Mainline Science

In general, our analysis agreed with mainstream science concerning haplogroups. Therefore, our family tree uses the same haplogroups as our friends in mainstream science. But they are rooted differently. Here is the secular science tree followed by our family tree. There are several versions of the secular trees (called phylogenetic trees), but we, generally, used the one generated by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, ISOGG (Reference 5).

 

Biblical Family tree

As one can see, the two trees are similar, but the root and flow of genetic markers are different. The secular tree is rooted in haplogroup A, and the Biblical tree is rooted in Noah dividing into three separate haplogroups; one from Ham; one from Shem; and one from Japheth. We do not present Noah’s DNA, but it is simply his three sons’ DNA less their genetic markers.

Finding the Tree Root

Armed with these 1233 diverse genomes, we began our search by noticing that a few mutations/genetic markers, were common in the population;  some were up to 52 percent of the population. It is quite logical to assume that the higher the mutation’s frequency, the better chance that it is at or near the root of our family tree.

For example, if a mutation is in 1/2 of the population, it probably originated when the population was approximately 2 men. If a mutation is in 1/10th of the male population, it probably originated when the male population was approximately 10. And if a mutation is in1/1,000,000), it probably originated when the world population was 1,000,000.

So, we decided that any mutation with a frequency of more than 5 percent could be one of Noah’s three sons. This assumption would allow for some genetic drift and the inability for our 1233 subjects to exactly match the whole world population distribution.

All Men came from three ancient ancestors

Next, we took each of the mutations with frequencies higher than 5 percent and used them to form genetic groups, i.e., haplogroups. Quickly, we realized that every mutation belonged to one and only one of three ancient ancestors.

It appeared that we found Shem, Ham, and Japheth. There was a Shem haplogroup, a Ham haplogroup, and a Japheth haplogroup. All 1233 genomes fit into one and only one of the three. There were no exceptions. The three root mutations had frequencies of 10%, 38%, and 52%. And, as expected, they added up to 100% of the population. Furthermore, Shem, Ham, and Japheth were associated with the three ancient ancestor mutations easily by looking at the geographical locations of each group and comparing them to Bible history. Ham went south and east; Japheth went north and east, and Shem populated the Near East and Europe.

Noah’s Y-chromosome is impossible to find directly. The reason is that he is the origin of all male humanity and he had, by definition, no genetic markers. Therefore, the way to find Noah’s Y-genome is by determining the genomes of his sons and deleting all their mutations.

The true root of humanity was Adam. Adam’s DNA went through the bottleneck of Noah. So we all came from Adam and we all came from Noah. Adam is the root of all humanity, and Noah is the root of post-flood humanity.

Genetic Mutations/Markers Flow in One Direction

Just as water flows downstream, so do genetic markers. Genetic markers flow from most ancient ancestors to modern ancestors. For instance, your great grandfather passed markers to your grandfather who passed additional markers to your father. Your father passed his additional markers to you,. And if you are a man, you too will pass new markers to your sons. Lineage flows downstream. More and more new markers appear in offspring as the generations pass. However, the original markers of your ancestors remain in your genome. A key point here is that as the markers flow away from the root, the new markers divide the offspring into sub-haplogroups. This dividing into sub-haplogroups shows the direction of the genetic marker flow.  Distant branches have only the markers close to the root, but are missing many of the markers in their cousins, second cousins etc.

Therefore, as expected, the data shows that markers flow from Noah’s three sons to their sub-haplogroups. Consider just haplogroup K, everyone from haplogroup K has the rs3900 G marker. Likewise, the sub-haplogroups have additional markers that show they are later generations forming smaller haplogroups such as M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, and T etc. T must come from K, but K cannot come from T.

Since genetic mutations/markers flow downstream, it is not possible that the root of the Y-chromosome family tree is rooted in a marker with a small frequency. In order for that to happen, it would take many bottlenecks, overwrites, drift, and other genetic contortions.

Full Population Representation

The three adjacent haplogroups, IJ, IJK, and K contain 100 percent (Ham 38%, Shem 10%, and Japheth 52%) of the 1233 genomes analyzed. In other words, they are the source of all modern humanity. Take any other combination of the other haplogroups and mix and match them, they do not represent all humanity; they do not add up to 100 percent. The only way you get one hundred percent is to use IJ, IJK, and K.

Biblical and Secular History

The haplogroups IJ, IJK, and K are comprised of people from Mid-East, West Asia, and Near East. According to the Biblical narrative, all humanity came from the Armenian mountains which which are in West Asia and close to the Near East and the Mid-East. In short, these haplogroups locations fit nicely into Biblical history.

The historical age began in Mesopotamia, shortly after the flood. These earliest writings document a worldwide flood and the world populated by the survivors of that flood. Nowhere do these legends and writings record mankind originating from any other part of the world.

Summary

The Y-chromosome DNA is the perfect vehicle for scientifically testing the portion of the Bible that says all modern human men were born of three ancient men. The Y-chromosome data of 1233 genomes corroborates the Biblical account. We now have a Biblical family tree and can trace our ancestry to the Biblical sons of Noah.

Future Work

We are in the process of identifying the DNA of Noah’s 16 grandsons in the family tree.

 

References:

  1. http://useast.ensembl.org/info/about/publications.html
  2. https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project
  3. https://www.genesisandgenetics.org/2021/04/16/y-chromosome-migration-and-the-biblical-phylogenetic-tree-or-finding-ham-shem-and-japheth-via-y-chromosome/
  4. https://www.genesisandgenetics.org/Ancient.xlsx
  5. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Y0GXjhazYa46u0EpPA9b0Y0RVWuh5lDzww_o979mbjQ/edit#gid=1904113265
  6. https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

 

 

Jesus’ DNA

Biology, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, origins

Overview

Jesus
Our DNA was on the cross with Jesus

In previous blogs, we discussed Adam’s DNA and Eve’s  DNA. This blog is purposed at showing that Jesus’ DNA was the same as Adam’s DNA  and, like Adam, embodied all human DNA. Also,  that Jesus is the keeper of our original DNA which we will receive in a “twinkling of an eye.”

I Corinthians 15:52 In a moment, in the  twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed 

I Corinthians 15:53 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality 

What we Know

What do we know about Jesus’ DNA? (1) He was born of the virgin Mary. (2) He was conceived by the Holy Spirit. And (3) He was the last ‘Adam.’

Matthew 1:20 But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. (ESV)

1 Corinthians 15:45 Thus it is written, “The first man Adam became a living being”; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit.

We also know that the Bible refers to only two humans as “the Son of God:” Jesus and Adam. Since we are from Adam and the body of Jesus, we are, indeed, the children of God.

Luke 3:38  Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God.

Adam and Jesus had the same DNA

If we put the above scriptures together, I think we can conclude that Jesus had exactly the same DNA as Adam. It had to be; just as Adam embodied all the genetic variations of humanity, Jesus had to do the same. He had to represent all human genomes so all of us would be included in the “Body of Christ.” Therefore, His death and resurrection would apply to everyone.

The Holy Spirit conceived Jesus in Mary’s body. The Holy Spirit conception was necessary for two reasons: (1) so that Jesus would be the perfect unblemished sacrifice; and (2), so Jesus would represent and die for all humanity. If it had not been for the Holy Spirit’s conception, Jesus would have had genetic mutations and not quite all the gene variations of Adam. Therefore, when Jesus went to the cross, there would have been some humans left out, i.e., not represented by Jesus’ death and resurrection.

This is a fascinating concept. When Adam sinned, we all went down with him, but when Jesus was resurrected, we all were resurrected with Him, and if we believe and accept this, we will all live with Him forever.

This principle clarifies many scriptures. Here are just a few:

The Image of God

Genesis 1:27 So God created man in his image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

This scripture takes on new meaning. Jesus, being the last Adam had the likeness of Adam. But, in truth, it isn’t that Jesus looked like Adam, but that Adam looked like Jesus. Adam was created in the image of God (Jesus).

Jesus shared his DNA with Adam. All the animals looked like their kind, but Adam looked like God (Jesus).

The Body of Christ

1 Corinthians 12:12 For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ.

The Body of Christ was created on day six through Adam and was perfect with no sin and no mutations. We are Adam; we are the body the body of Christ.

And the Word Became Flesh

John 1:14 And the Word became flesh . . .

When you study DNA, you see that it is a language. We are part of the Word of God, part of the Body of Christ.

With Him – Part of Him

Romans 6:8 Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him. (ESV)

We, being part of the Body of Christ, died with Him. When He was hanging on the cross, we were there. We were in the tomb with Him, in Hades with Him, and were raised up with Him. What He did, we did. When He is with the Father, we are with the Father.

John 17:23 I in them, and thou in me, that they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me. (Words of Jesus – KJV)

Romans 12:5 So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and every one members one of another. (KJV)

Galatians 3:28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.

Ephesians 2:6 And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus:

Dear friends and children, know that we are in Him, He is in us, and we are indeed part of the “body of Christ.” He is in us, in our DNA. And we are in Him, in His DNA. And now we know that the literal meaning is true scientifically. We have lost our day-6 DNA to mutations, deformity, disease, and, someday, death, but the good news is that Jesus has our original day-6, perfect DNA, in Him. It is safe. And soon, He will give it to us “in a twinkling of and eye.”

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Eve’s DNA

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration, origins, Y-chromosomes

Eve’s DNA was perfect

Eve in the garden original art by HH 2021

The account of Eve is an interesting and important segment of our genetic history. The Bible says that God put Adam into a deep sleep, took one of Adam’s ribs, and made a woman (Genesis 2:21-22). Adam named her Eve and proclaimed that she was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24). Eve’s DNA, like Adam’s, was perfect. It was without mutations and immortal.

Eve’s DNA and science

So, how does modern science line up with this account? First of all, does the man’s rib contain enough genetic information to make a woman? The answer is “yes,” Adam’s ribs contained all the necessary genetic information to make Eve. However, it is interesting to note that if the first human were a woman, her rib would not contain enough information to make a man. This is because women do not have the y-chromosome. So, if the Bible stated that God created a woman first and then a man from her rib, the Bible would be in error; but, the Bible got it right and stands true. This all seems elementary to us now, but remember that the scriptures are much older than our knowledge of DNA.

Adam and Eve were near-identical twins

It follows, from both a Biblical and genetic perspective, that Eve was Adam’s feminine identical twin. When Adam said that Eve was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24), he was confirming this point. Is this possible? Can there be male/female identical twins? Yes, it is possible: if a geneticist takes two identical twin embryos and genetically engineers them so one has two X chromosomes and the other has one X and one Y chromosome, the resulting two humans will be identical male/female twins. Although rare, there are natural occurrences of male/female identical twins. For further information on this, just do an internet search on “male/female identical twins.”

Eve’s children

A common question to this notion of Adam and Eve being identical male/female twins is: “If Adam and Eve were identical twins, wouldn’t all their children also be identical to Adam and/or Eve?” The answer to this question is “No.” Adam and Eve were identical twins and they each had two copies of every gene. Due to a biological process called “meiosis,” these genes were shuffled differently for each of their children, and that fact coupled with epigenetic effects results in the chances of a child having identical DNA to Adam or Eve being infinitely small. This process of meiosis is easily understood, just search on “meiosis” and you will find many videos and detailed explanations.

Sin and mutations

When Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, they sinned and reaped the penalty of sin. They became mortal and subject to genetic mutations. These mutations cause disease, deformities, and death, but they allow us to track our heritage. It is the consensus of both creation and secular scientists that all humans presently on earth come from one woman: “Eve” (creationists) and “Mitochondrial Eve” (secular scientists).

Genesis 3:20  And Adam called his wife’s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.

Summary

In conclusion, Eve’s creation and genetic composition provide a fascinating bit of our human history that helps us understand our origins. It also demonstrates the convergence of modern science with the Biblical scriptures.

Here are some related articles if interested.

Adam’s DNA

Adam’s Rib

Genesis Chapter 1 and 2

 

Adam’s DNA

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, origins, Y-chromosomes

Adam’s DNA was perfect.

According to the Bible, God created Adam approximately 6000 years ago. His body was perfect and not destined to die; he was immortal. But we are not like Adam. We are mortal and subject to imperfections and disease. Why? The answer is simple: When sin entered the world our bodies began collecting DNA mutations. Fortunately, we hope someday to enjoy our original day-6 DNA: perfect and immortal.

Let’s look at what the Bible says:

Genesis 1:31  And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. 

Genesis 2:7  And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. (KJV)

Science and Adam’s DNA

Adam became a living soul, the first living soul, which means Adam necessarily had all of the human genetic variations in his DNA. Everyone, including Eve, came from Adam’s DNA. Modern science has proclaimed that all Y-chromosomes came from one man. We call Him Adam, and secular science calls him Y-chromosome Adam. Modern science also declares that all humanity came from one woman. We call her Eve, and secular science calls her mitochondrial Eve; however, since Eve came from Adam, we all came from Adam. The point is that the Biblical version of human origins is scientifically in tune with the Bible.

(Note: If the Bible had proclaimed that the first human was a woman, the Bible would be in error, women do not have the y-chromosome.)

Humans have approximately 22,000 genes, and combinations of these genes give us variation in physical appearances, such as eye color, nose shape, foot size, etc. These genes also affect our abilities and personality. Since Adam embodied two forms of each gene, he, Adam, provided all human genetic diversity. Two forms of each gene coupled with epigenetics would allow Adam’s genome to produce an infinite number of unique humans.

We are Adam

Because we all share Adam’s DNA, the Bible calls us all, collectively, “Adam.” Please read this scripture very carefully; the keywords here are “them” and “their:”

Genesis 5:2  Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. (KJV)

So, God called their name Adam; we are Adam. When Adam sinned, he became corruptible and took on a sinful nature. Since Adam embodied all humanity, we all went down with him and took on his sinful nature. This sin nature causes corruption of our genes in the form of mutations. Today, every generation has approximately 100 more genetic mutations than the previous generation. These mutations can result in deformation, disorders, and disease; genetic mutations are never good, and we rightly call them “mutations.” Our mutation accumulation is discouraging, but we have the promise that in the twinkling of an eye, our DNA will return to its day-6 splendor. This is good news; this is the Gospel.

 Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed,

 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.

For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. (KJV  I Corinthians 15:51-53 )

Our Future

My dear friends and children, our future is very bright: We are Adam and have the hope of redemption and obtaining our original, day-six DNA. Our bodies will be perfect. We will be in the Kingdom of God, no longer mortal and no longer sinful.

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How much Neanderthal DNA do You Have?

Biology, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration

DNA solved the mystery of Neanderthal

You have a lot of Neanderthal DNA. At least 99.5 percent of your DNA is identical to Neanderthal 1. Recent DNA sequencing reveals the truth of Neanderthal, and it is time to bury all our preconceived ideas about him.

We have been led to believe that Neanderthal is our ancient, hairy, brutish, ape-like, ignorant, slumped-over ancient cousin. And that he went extinct because he was inept. His DNA, however, is shouting out to us that this is not the case. He is 99.5 percent like us. This 99.5 percent similarity is not based on our opinion or analysis; it is based on published secular scientific papers. By the way, we present-day humans share this same amount of DNA, 99.5 percent, with one another 2. Whether you are European, African, Asian, American, or Australian, you are closely related to Neanderthal. The 0.5 percent that separates us from one another, and Neanderthal, lies in our genetic markers. *  These genetic markers provide humanity with natural variation.

What we know about Neanderthal

So, let’s follow the Neanderthal DNA and see where it takes us. Thanks to the work of many scientists, we now have more than mitochondrial DNA sequences 3. And thanks to several private laboratories, these DNA sequences are being translated into physical characteristics. Here are several examples of what is being discovered about Neanderthal:

Neanderthal is fully human

Neanderthal falls inside the variation of present-day human DNA 3 . Therefore, it would be difficult to conclude anything other than Neanderthal being fully human. He shares the status of “made in the image and likeness of God” (Genesis 1:26) with us.

Neanderthal had less hair than modern humans

Neanderthal had less hair on his back than many present-day humans. This characteristic is due to genetic marker rs4849721, which Neanderthal and some present-day humans share. If you have a T at this marker position, you probably have less back hair than average 4. Neanderthals have the T, which means they probably had less back hair than the average present-day human. Hmmm, so much for the hairy ape-man image.

Neanderthal and freckles

Neanderthals had freckles 5. People with light skin get freckles because they have less melanin, which causes uneven tanning. It appears that freckles are now in vogue. Some of our most famous movie stars have them. So, Neanderthals are not just human, but “in vogue” humans.

Neanderthal Complexion

Several Neanderthal DNA sequences have genes indicative of red hair 5 and blue eyes. That is not to say that all Neanderthal had red hair and blue eyes, but, at least, some had these characteristics. By now, hopefully, you can see that at least some Neanderthals would look like someone you would bump into at a St. Patrick’s Day celebration.

Neanderthal Speech

Neanderthal shares the FOXP2 gene 6 with us, indicating that he was capable of complex speech just as we are. Also, it is generally accepted that Neanderthal had a larger brain 7 than present-day man. So, perhaps he was more articulate than we are.

Neanderthal strength and energy

Although Neanderthals share 99.5 percent of our total DNA, they share only 98.7 percent of our mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This difference in mitochondrial DNA is interesting and can be explained. Mitochondrial DNA is a primary contributor to our energy, strength, and length of life. The fact that Neanderthal mtDNA differs from us by 1.3 percent fits the fossil evidence nicely. Neanderthal fossils indicate them having better muscle tone, more strength, and better bone structure than we have. In short, he was buff. Also, some mature Neanderthals had a prominent brow ridge indicative of them living long lives 8.

Neanderthal complex relationships

Neanderthals, in general, have less genetic diversity than we have; however, researchers are finding little or no evidence of incest 9. This, in my opinion, signifies that Neanderthal had complex relationship structures, as do we. Maybe he came calling with a bouquet of flowers, a box of chocolates, and an articulate, witty proposal.

Neanderthal was not an ape-man

According to DNA, Neanderthal is 99.5 percent like you. He was not a hairy, ignorant, inept ape-man. He was human, created in the image of God just like you. So, the obvious question is, where does Neanderthal fit into the chronicles of human history? We have concluded that he is the Biblical pre-flood human (click here).

Commentary Note: You may have heard that some geneticists proclaim that we have only a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. Some say 2-4 percent, some say 0 percent, and some say 20 percent. These claims come from the same scientific community that says we share 99.5 percent of our DNA with Neanderthals. Why this huge conflict? Suffice it to say, the 99.5 percent is correct, and the lower numbers are contrived to justify the “out of Africa” and evolutionary hypotheses. To demonstrate this point, ask yourself how we can share only 2-4 percent with Neanderthal and 50 percent of our DNA with the banana? It depends on what data is used for analysis and how one interprets it. The DNA sequences are available to the public and can be verified and viewed by anyone.

Summary

Neanderthals were all human and, in many ways, superior to modern-day humans. They fit perfectly into human history as being  pre-flood i.e., antediluvian humans.

New details on Neanderthal are emerging every day, as are Neanderthal’s physical appearance reconstructions. We will keep you posted:

* Genetic markers – Single Nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, short tandem repeats, et. al.

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References:

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/
  2. https://www.genome.gov/10001551/genetic-variation-program/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100745/
  4. https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Neanderthal/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962522/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766443/
  7. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2008/09/09/neanderthal-brain-size- at-birth-sheds-light-on-human-evolution/
  8. Cuozzo J., (1998) “Buried Alive the Startling Truth About Neanderthal Man,” Master Books Inc.
  9. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/prehistoric-humans-are-likely-to-have-formed-mating-networks-to-avoid-inbreeding

 

 

Science and the Bible

Biology, Cosmology, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Isotope dating

There are many people in the scientific community that are in conflict with themselves; the conflict is between their religious beliefs, Bible science, and their connection with modern science. Then, there are parents that are at a loss to explain the differences between Bible science and what their children are being taught in school. If either of these describes your situation, this blog can be of help to you.

Adam

Consider going back in time and having an experienced group of scientists examine the creation just after its completion; they will examine Adam (the first human), a tree, a rock, and a star.

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-silhouette-various-people-various-positions-businessmen-image64824952First, our scientists observe Adam just a few days after his creation, they observe that Adam was a certain height, weight and had the physical characteristics of an adult. These observations would be correct and irrefutable, and these observations would be in tune with the Bible in that Adam, just days after the beginning, had all the characteristics of an adult. However, if the scientists conclude that Adam had been alive for say 20-30 years, this interpretation of the observations would be wrong since Adam had been alive for just a few days. Adam is unique: he was not born; God formed him out of the earth.

There is an old rhetorical question, “what came first the chicken or the egg?” Actually, this question is not rhetorical and does have an answer; the answer is: the chicken came first. The Bible is clear;  God created all things to be mature and fully operational. This applies to both the chicken and Adam.

The Tree

Now, let’s look at one tree the week after creation. The scientists take a bore sample and analyze the tree rings. They

Tree Rings_small observe the number of tree rings, the sulfur dioxide levels, the carbon 14 ratios, and growth rate for the years recorded by the tree rings. So, again the observations i.e., the number of rings, carbon 14 levels, sulfur dioxide levels, and rings widths are irrefutable; they can be measured and are in tune with the Biblical theme of a mature creation. The disagreement begins if age is assigned to the tree.  The tree is less than one week old (Genesis 1:12 and 13), but mature. The trees had to be created as mature in order to fulfill their role in our complex ecosystem: providing food, oxygen, and their other important functions.

The Rock

Rock_in_woodsNext, our scientists identify a rock as a certain type of rock and take the rock to the lab; at the lab, they perform potassium/argon isotope dating and determine that the rock is billions of years old; however, the rock is, in fact, just a few days old. God created it during the first 6 days and created it so it could provide the necessary mass, minerals, and isotopes required for a fully balanced, mature Earth.

The Star

Finally, our scientists look at the heavens and see a star through the
telescope. Certainly, they classify it and determine its mass, redshift, and other interesting details Nasa_Starsincluding the apparent age of several billion years. However, it too is just days old. The Bible says that the heavens proclaim the glory of God (Psalm 19:1). If God had to start the heavens with just space dust, it wouldn’t proclaim His glory and majesty. The Bible states that He stretched out the heavens in one day (Genesis 1:14-19, Isaiah 42:5) to fully display His glory with mature stars, planets, nebulae, comets, and galaxies.

Mature Creation

Does this all mean that God is deceitful? Absolutely not! His Word, the Bible, states clearly that He created everything in just six days, and everything was functional and mature.  The creation is complex to the extreme and everything was stable, in balance, and, above all – ready to use. If you want a house, you don’t want to wait 25 years before it is ready to occupy; you want to move in as soon as possible. If you buy a car, you don’t want to wait 10 years to be able to drive it; you want it immediately so you can drive it.

Interestingly, this attribute of the creation, i.e., mature from the beginning, poses an interesting question: what model did God use for the recorded history prior to the beginning? For example, in the tree rings, what history was recorded? We don’t know; however, we can offer several possibilities:

(1) God is an infinite God, and His existence is from everlasting to everlasting (Psalm 90:2). Therefore, maybe, history also has no beginning and no end and is transferable from one reality to another;

(2) Genesis chapter 1 states that things were “created after their kind,” and this may also be true of history, maybe it was created after its kind; and

(3) Time may be multi-directional, and the time recorded in the tree rings may be the future had sin not occurred.

These ideas and others can be good for discussion. Please comment if you have ideas you would like to share.

Summary

Consider the above examples: Adam, the tree, the rock, and the star. God created them all to be mature and fully functional to perform their role in this magnificent, divine creation we call the universe.

Suggested Additional Reading:

Adam’s Rib

Eve’s DNA  

Jesus’ DNA 

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Find Your Ancient Biblical Ancestor – Noah’s Sons

Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration, Y-chromosomes

With this paper,  you can find your ancient Biblical ancestor. Is it Shem, Ham, or Japheth? At Genesis and Genetics, we have examined Y-chromosome genomes searching for Noah and his three sons. They were easy to find. According to our analysis, if you have the rs17306671 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A, you are from Shem. The rs9786139 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A means you are from Ham. And if you have the rs3900 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide G, you are from Japheth. Of course, if you are a woman, you don’t have a Y-chromosome; so, you will have to get your father’s or brother’s DNA.

Background 

Here is some background: Y-chromosome DNA is found only in men. Consequently, men pass it down to their sons and their son’s sons, etc. The Y-chromosome has approximately 60 million base pairs, each subject to mutations. Mutations develop in the Y-chromosome, typically at the rate of 2 mutations per generation (Reference 1 and 30 years per generation). Therefore, these mutations are genetic markers that allow us to track ancestry. Our findings are consistent with the Bible and modern science raw data.

Consequently, if one man populated all the earth, all males would have his Y-chromosome. Then, if this man had two sons, one would expect that roughly half of the world would have one son’s mutations and the other half would have the other son’s mutations. Furthermore, if our original ancestor had ten grandsons, one would expect each grandson to have mutations in approximately 10 percent of the male population. Successive generations would continue to generate new mutations that would form a human family tree. Geneticists call this tree a phylogenetic tree.

Procedure – Y-chromosome Analysis

The following presents the easy-to-follow logic and analysis which anyone can repeat.

We started by looking for all Y-chromosome mutations/markers with a frequency of more than 5 percent. This was easy by taking existing phylogenetic trees and looking for which markers had a frequency of more than 5 % of the population. 

Next, we took one single human Y-chromosome genome (HG02461 a man from Gambia, Africa).  We found that he had a marker at L15, re9786139. This marker is in approximately 38 percent of the world’s male population. So, we knew our African from Gambia came from our ancient ancestor with the L15 marker.  

Then we continued to look at individual human genomes from other places in Africa, Japan, China, Europe, South America, and North America. We found that all our subjects were related to one of just three major groups. Specifically, these groups were L15/ rs9786139, M9/ rs3900, and M429/ rs17306671. The implication is that our original male ancestor had three sons. Consequently, all male humans were born from these three sons.

Data

The data used in this research came from the 1000 genomes project (Reference 2) and was retrieved using the Ensembl browser (Reference 3). The data appeared to be correct with no errors. We eliminated no data due to suspect errors, and no data was “cherry-picked” to suit any preconceived ideas. Our thanks to the great effort of those who did the sequencing and publishing of the raw data. We also greatly appreciate that it was made available to the public.

Spreadsheets – Ancient Ancestors

The spreadsheet below documents 57 Y-genomes of diverse people (Americas, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, and Africa). It provides 57 rows (individual male humans) and 30 columns (mutations over 5 percent of the population). Each column element of the matrix was color-coded to show us whether the individual had the mutation or not. We noticed patterns beginning to form (you can CLICK HERE to see the EXCEL copy.)

 

Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 1)
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 1)

Next, we switched columns and rows to form groups. Then, we arranged the mutations in descending order based on MAF percentage. A clear pattern emerged, as one can see in the figure below. We see that each individual fits into just one group and has no mutations in any other group. Also, we see that every individual in each group has the mutation with the greatest MAF; this is the mutation of the most ancient ancestor of that group. Here is what the spreadsheet looks like after grouping: Note: you can CLICK HERE to see the matrix in EXCEL. This image will allow you to find your ancient Biblical ancestor: Shem, Ham, or Japheth

Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 2)
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 2)

Looking at the matrix above, we see that each group has one maximum MAF. The yellow is .38, the red is .52, and the green is .10. They add up to 100 percent.

Biblical Narrative

Now that we have shown that our most ancient ancestor had three sons, we can state that this finding is consistent with the Bible. The three groups are compatible with the three sons of Noah: Ham, Shem, and Japheth. The Bible states that, generally, those from Ham went south to Africa and southern Asia, those from Japheth went north to northern Europe and northern Asia, and those from Shem stayed in the Caucuses, the Near East, and North Africa. Therefore, one could easily conclude that Ham is the yellow group, Shem is the green group, and Japheth is the red group. Note: We now know Noah’s Y-chromosome since it is the genome of the three sons with all mutations removed.

Bible in Genesis 10, the Table of Nations, states that all humanity came from these three sons:

Genesis 10:1  Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.

Genesis 10:32  These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.

Results

Therefore, we can assume that roughly 1/3 of the earth’s male population came from each son, but, since Japheth had seven sons, Ham had four sons, and Shem had five sons; therefore, the following world percentages are more applicable:

Patriarch   Number of sons    % Projected World Population        Observation

Japheth        7 sons                                              43.75                                        52

Ham                4 sons                                              25                                              38

Shem              5 sons                                              31.25                                        10

The chart above shows that the Ham and Japheth results were higher than expected, and Shem was lower than expected. However, the following explains the differences:

(1) The Ham and Japheth offspring are in the world’s heavily populated areas, namely South and East Asia.

(2) The Thousand Genomes Project did not provide representatives of the Near East, the Mid-East, or Northern Africa, all of which would increase the Shem percentage, thereby decreasing Ham and Japheth’s percentages.

The above two issues are not meant as criticism but offered as an explanation.

Historical Evidence

Our findings are consistent with the Bible, ancient secular history, and genetic diversity:

  1. The Bible documents Noah and his family as the only ones spared from the deluge that flooded the entire earth, and  Noah’s three sons repopulated the world.
  2. The historical period began when the Sumerians began writing cuneiform tablets. These early writings documented the kings before and after the flood. Also, the Sumerian legends are consistent with three sons repopulating the world. These three sons were t
  3. According to the Bible and Sumerian history, all humanity came from one family. As they migrated throughout the world, those separated into satellite groups lost their genetic diversity; therefore, the most genetic diversity should be where Noah’s family settled, the Near East. Those who migrated to the Americas, Australia, and southern Africa lost genetic diversity. We can consider two levels of observing genetic diversity, first, what we see and, second, what DNA tells us. We can easily see eye color, skin color, and hair color. Looking at a globe, it is apparent that those with the most visual diversity meet in the Near East, the place of disembarkation from Noah’s Ark. From a DNA standpoint, one can look at the diversity of haplogroups, both Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial. The extremities are South Africa, Australia, and the Americas, with only a few haplogroups. The location with the most haplogroups is in the Near East.

Summary

(1) Anyone can trace their ancient ancestry back to Shem, Ham, or Japheth by using our method. Women will need DNA from a father, brother, or some other male relative.

(2) From a Y-chromosome perspective, it appears that all humanity came from three male humans.

(3) Item (1) is not proof of the Biblical narrative concerning Noah’s three sons, but it is consistent with it. To prove it, one would have to sequence every human male ever born and analyze his genome.

(4) We can now project Noah’s DNA; it is that of his three sons with no mutations.

(5) Our findings are consistent with the Bible, Sumerian history, and our current state of human diversity.

Future analysis It is now possible to know the Y-chromosome DNA of Noah’s grandchildren. 

References:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748900/#:~:text=The%20chromosomes%20were%20separated%20by,7.0%20%C3%97%2010%E2%88%928).

2 https://www.internationalgenome.org/

3 https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html

Appendix A

If you want to repeat this analysis or add to it, you may use our step-by-step procedure.

Let’s start by taking someone from, perhaps, Peru and find out to which group he belongs. Did he come from Shem, Ham, or Japheth?

(1) We open Ensembl (https://useast.ensembl.org/index.html ). Leave everything default and enter rs9786139 in the upper right-hand box—hit enter.

(2) You should get a new window with the following “rs9786139 (Human Variant).” Click on it. Notice that the MAF is .38.

(3) Click on the ICON that says, “population genetics.” Scroll down to find “AMR” and the subgroup “PEL.” Click on the “PEL.” You can see that 95 percent of this group has a “G,” and 5 percent of the population have an “A.” Next, go to the far right of the “PEL” row and click on “show.” Each of the rows of this screen is an actual human being. You will notice that most of this group has a “G,” but a few have an “A.”

(4) Looking at the population genetics of those from PEL, Peru, you can see that a few Peruvians are from Ham, but most are from someone else. You can find out who by entering the defining mutations for Shem and Japheth. If you enter all the mutations and analyze the same Peruvian, you will see all his mutations fall into one group. If you look at rs3900, you will see that most Peruvians are from Japheth.

(5) continue entering the mutations one by one, and you will see that our Peruvian is only from one group and has no mutations from any other group. If you do a significant number of individuals, please send them to us.

In addition:

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