Genesis chapters 1 and 2 have been a bit of a mystery in that they appear to be in conflict with one another. However, now that we understand DNA, these two chapters converge into one creation account that is logically and chronologically perfect.
Genesis 1 documents the order of creation. Genesis chapter 2, on the other hand, documents the activation of the creation.
Everything was created before the seventh day. However, the plants had not been planted and neither animals nor man had been given the breath of life. The Bible is clear, God rested on the seventh day. If God had given man life on the sixth day, God could not have rested on the seventh. He wouldn’t abandon Adam nor would He want to miss Adam’s first day of life. Then, after God rested, He formed Adam from the earth in accordance with the DNA created and selected on day 6. In chapter 2, God gave Adam the breath of life and he, Adam, became a living soul.
Bara and Yatsar
This notion is further supported by the parable of the farmer who planted his field with good seed and then rested (Matthew 13:24). As the farmer rested, the seeds had not yet started growing, they were still dormant, still in seed form. This is the way it was on day 7 of creation; everything was created, ready for activation, but dormant. Then, in Genesis chapter 2, after God rested, He took the DNA created on day 6 and formed man, and breathed life into him. For those of you who study Hebrew, you will see that the word used in Genesis 1 is different from the one used in Genesis 2. The word used in Genesis 1 is “bara” having the sense of selecting. In Genesis 2 the word “yatsar” has the sense of forming or squeezing into shape much like a potter forming his pot.
Activation
Here is some of the Genesis 2 account of the creation. It shows that the materials were available, the plans were complete, and then came the activation. Please consider the following excerpts from Genesis 2:
When no bush of the field was yet in the land and no small plant of the field had yet sprung up–for the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the land, and there was no man to work the ground, Genesis 2:5
then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. Genesis 2:7
And the LORD God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, and there he put the man whom he had formed. Genesis 2:8
And out of the ground the LORD God made to spring up every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food. The tree of life was in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Genesis 2:9
The LORD God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it. Genesis 2:15
Now out of the ground the LORD God had formed every beast of the field and every bird of the heavens and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. And whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. Genesis 2:19
The man gave names to all livestock and to the birds of the heavens and to every beast of the field. Genesis 2:20
So, Adam was given life first, then the plants, then the animals. It all makes sense.
This also explains Genesis 5:2 which has been a mystery until now:
Genesis 5:2 Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. (KJV)
The “they” is “we”
He created them male and female and called their name Adam. He called their name Adam. Adam embodied all human genetic variation. Your genes, my genes, everyone’s genes were in Adam. We were all created on day 6 and God called our name “Adam.” The name “Adam” means “man.” It goes on to say “in the day when they were created.” Again, the they is we. Our DNA was created on day six, but we were formed and given life in our mother’s womb.
Dear friends and children, know that the Bible is true and can be trusted. Genesis chapters one and two are logically and chronologically perfect.
Some believe that the Biblical account of Noah is a myth. Some say it is an allegory. And some, like the present writer, say it is a true historical account. So far, we have not found Noah’s colossal Ark; maybe it was recycled by our ancient ancestors, covered by an ice cap, or buried by the Mount Ararat volcano; nonetheless, the search for Noah’s Ark continues. Meanwhile, we, at Genesis and Genetics, are looking for evidence of Noah in other places, one of which is searching for Noah’s vineyard. So, let’s combine our knowledge of the Bible with modern science and search for Noah’s vineyard.
Biblical Account
The Bible says that after leaving the Ark:
Genesis 9:20 Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard … (KJV)
Noah planted a vineyard; but, by now, surely all signs of Noah’s vineyard have disappeared. Right? It appears that is not the case; ancient grape seeds (pips) have been found near Mount Ararat. These grape pips have been carbon dated and genetically sequenced. As a result, their DNA has been traced to modern grapes. These results are illuminating, but before we get into the migration of grapes, let’s get a bit more background from the Bible concerning Noah and his Ark:
Genesis 8:4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat (KJV).
The Hebrew word “Ararat” is the word for “Armenia.” When Noah’s Ark settled in the mountains of Armenia, the Armenian borders had yet to be defined; however, the Bible is a timeless book and we can assume ancient Armenia included present-day Armenia. Also, going back in history to just after the time of Moses, we find that ancient Armenia included modern-day Armenia, Eastern Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Southern Georgia. Therefore, logically, Noah’s vineyard should be in one of these countries. The Bible states that the Ark settled in the mountains of Armenia; so, it could have landed on Mount Ararat or any of the Armenian mountains. Christian tradition gives Mount Ararat the honor of being the place of disembarkation from the Ark, and it is, for sure, a possibility.
Ancient Vinyards
We find that the modern countries representing ancient Armenia are, indeed, rich in wine history. Here are some facts:
Georgia is touted by many as being the birthplace of wine. It claims to have been making wine for 8000 years. In the days of the Soviet Union, Georgia was known as the Soviet Union’s wine cellar.
Azerbaijan also touts its ancient winemaking. Azerbaijan has much diversity in landscape, some of which are perfect for growing grapes.
Present-day Armenia has a long history of wine culture. Many modern-day Armenians consider wine as the national drink. In Armenia, there are legends that Noah planted his vineyard in the Ararat Valley (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Mount Ararat with vineyards in the foreground
Armenia boasts of having the world’s oldest winemaking facility located in Areni Cave (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Excavations in Areni cave
In addition, Armenia is rich in ancient history. For example, Carahunge, Armenia is a Stonehenge-like site. This Carahunge formation of stones predates the British Stonehenge by approximately 4000 years. Therefore, it dates to approximately the same age as the most ancient Armenian vineyards.
Figure 3 Carahunge, the Armenian Stonehenge predating the British Stonehenge by nearly 4000 years.
DNA sequencing shows that most Domestic wines owe their origins to wild grapes in the Near East.
Since the discovery of DNA, many mysteries are being solved in various fields including horticulture. Worldwide, one of the most valuable horticultural crops is grapes. Therefore, scientists give much attention to grape viticulture. DNA markers (SNPS) are used to connect domestic grapes to wild species and trace their migration from country to country. According to an article in PNAS (proceeding from the National Academy of Science), grape domestication began with the wild grape Vitis vinifera sp. Sylvestris. Modern domestic grapes have DNA most closely aligned with these wild grapes from the Near East (reference 1). Therefore, the origin of domestic grapes is coincident with Noah’s wine country in ancient Armenia. This, of course, does not prove the Biblical account of Noah, but it shows the scientific evidence is consistent with the Biblical narrative.
Carbon Dates
We at Genesis and Genetics consider carbon dating good science in principle; however, we have concluded that the calibration curves, based on the uniformitarian model are not correct, and carbon 14 values must be corrected for the Biblical flood effects (Reference 2, To access our carbon 14 date calculator click here). The oldest evidence of winemaking dates to 5900 B.C. Correcting 5900 B.C. for flood effects gives us 2141 B.C. Since the flood receded approximately 2348 B.C., the oldest grape pips found so far lived 200 years after disembarkation from the Ark. Therefore, the oldest vineyard found thus far is probably not Noah’s original vineyard, but they are vineyards planted by Noah’s near kin.
Figure 4 shows some of the ancient Armenian vineyards found so far. They probably are those of Noah’s offspring and show the earliest stages of human migration. The present findings are good corroboration of the Biblical narrative and show that (1) Noah’s Ark settled in what is now known to be wine country, (2) there is evidence of ancient winemaking where Noah landed, and (3) that ancient Armenia is the origin of modern domestic grapes.
Figure 4 Some of the Ancient Armenia vineyards found so far (the red W’s denote ancient vineyards and the white A shows the location of Mount Ararat
Summary
The Biblical narrative and archaeological evidence meet in ancient Armenia. Now it is clear that Noah and his offspring planted vineyards in some of the best wine-producing country in the world. Also, Noah’s wine country is the origin of modern domestic grapes. Our findings are not proof of Noah’s account but show clearly that the Bible is, once again, consistent with scientific evidence. So, next time you enjoy a glass of wine, grape juice or a handful of raisins, consider giving Noah a little credit. Give him a bravo for saving humanity from annihilation and for good grapes.
Coming Soon
Soon we will release a blog concerning the migration out of Noah’s vineyard. We have found that only a portion of Noah’s family “came from the East” and settled in the Land of Shinar (Mesopotamia). We will also identify the historical Nimrod.
In a previous blog (Noah’s Ark – A Fresh Look), we made a case for the notion that all the creatures on the Ark were in a Biblical “deep sleep.” As we continued our study of the Ark, we came across a very interesting couple of verses:
Genesis 8:5 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen. Genesis 8:6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:
One Closed Window
These above verses state that the one window (Genesis 6:16) on the Ark was closed during the voyage and not opened until near disembarkation (10 months + 40 days, i.e., approximately 340 days out of the approximate one-year voyage of the Ark). Imagine tens of thousands of animals and eight humans living on an Ark, each having an active metabolism. And they lived there for nearly a year with the only window closed! Wouldn’t someone open the window? So, knowing that the window was closed brings us to the strong likelihood that the passengers were in a deep sleep in a hermetically-sealed Ark.
Logic
Let us reason together and consider the possibility that the Ark was, in fact, hermetically sealed. Consider:
The Bible states that Noah sealed the Ark inside and outside with pitch (Genesis 6:14). Sealing the Ark outside and inside keeps air/gases or liquids from coming in or going out, i.e. hermetically sealed.
During the flood, many creatures died outside the Ark causing health hazards such as gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and cholera. These diseases propagate through the air, water, and insects. The passengers on the Ark would be vulnerable to these diseases. Had the Ark not been sealed, it would have been a colossal mess, with possible death to all.
Hermetically sealing the Ark would also help soundproof the Ark. This creates a comforting mental image of the Ark in the center of the most significant catastrophic event of all time with the passengers resting in a Biblical “deep sleep” peaceably and quietly. Don’t forget that the name “Noah” in Hebrew (Noach) means “rest” and “quiet.”
The obvious question is: how could all of those on the Ark survive without oxygen? The answer is that the Ark had plenty of oxygen, but the deep sleep process recycled it. Recycling oxygen is not a problem for God; even humans can do it in our space station.
Conclusion:
The hermetically sealed Ark provided a safe and peaceful environment for the animals that were in a deep sleep.
One lingering mystery concerning Noah’s ark is: How many animals were on board? Since DNA has a very good reputation for solving mysteries in the courtroom, now it’s time to unleash its powers and reveal Noah’s passenger list.
Species/Kinds
As we look about the earth, we see a multitude of animals reproducing after their kind, each retaining their distinction as a kind/species. How does this happen? Two things are required for kinds/species to remain distinct:
(1) They must have the desire (instincts coded in their DNA) to mate with their own kind/species and
(2) They must have the ability (compatible DNA) to produce viable offspring like themselves.
These two requirements are the basis for both the Biblical and secular scientific definition of species/kinds. The words species and kinds are synonyms, but usually “species” is used by the secular scientific community, and “kinds” is used by the Biblical community. Nonetheless, both words should define the same creatures, and we conclude that they do. Our position is as follows:
Fundamentally, all of the species currently defined by modern science were on the Ark or in the sea
Examples
Consider humans; we have the desire and ability to produce more humans like ourselves. Even if we have the desire to reproduce with a pig or a chimpanzee, we cannot because we do not have the genetic ability in our DNA to do so.
Next, consider the great horned owls, they desire to mate with other great horned owls, and they can produce other great horned owls. However, their DNA does not produce the desire or the ability to create a bluebird, a barn owl, or even an eagle owl which is the same genus as the great horned owl.
Past Work
We wrote a technical paper, The Genetics of Kinds – Ravens, Owls, and Doves, and found that not one of the owl kinds/species we examined could produce any other owl kinds/species. That is also true for the ravens and doves. They differ from one another by having too much genetic information. We also wrote a technical paper, A Study of Biblical Kinds Using 62 Species of Mice; which showed the various species/kinds of mouse DNA differed from one another by significant amounts with distinct DNA gaps between the kinds/species. It would be impossible to bridge these gaps using any natural processes.
Just Mice
Our study of the mouse was very interesting in that we found that there are more than one hundredmouse kinds/species and they all remain distinct. How do they do it? They have been magnificently designed with the desire and ability to reproduce after their kinds. Here are a few facts: They can read each other’s genetics like a barcode (Ref 1). They mate only with their own species (Ref 2). They don’t breed with close relatives (Ref 3), and the males do not mate with underaged females (Ref 4). All of this is coded in the DNA and not only does it preserve their distinctiveness, but also maintains good genetic health. You may read all about it, get all of the references, and gain access to all of the DNA sequences at A Study of Biblical Kinds Using 62 Species of Mice.
If only a few kinds would have been on the Ark, there would only be a few kinds now. The scriptures are clear: “every” kind was created (Genesis 1); “every” kind was loaded on the Ark (Genesis 6:19-20); and “every” kind disembarked from the Ark (Genesis 8:17-20). The kinds were distinct and remained distinct.
Conclusions
Our conclusion would necessitate that on the order of 6000 amphibia, 10,000 birds, 6,000 mammals, and 8,000 reptile kinds/species were aboard the Ark. Accounting for pairs, sevens of clean animals, and those that have gone extinct since the flood, the total number aboard the Ark would be on the order of 100,000. This would be no problem for the very large Ark with all of the animals in Biblical “deep sleep” (Ref 5).
As we look at this glorious creation, we see that the kinds are distinct. They are distinct because they have both the desire and ability to mate with their kind and produce offspring of like kind. God always does things right, and to replenish the earth properly, He gave every kind a berth on the Ark. All of the passengers were peacefully asleep being transported to a new world filled with adventure and hope.
Keywords:
Animals of the Ark, Species on the Ark, Kinds on the Ark, Noah’s Ark, Noah’s Ark, species vs. kinds, and DNA Noah’s Ark
1. Beynon, R.J. and Hurst, J.L., 2003. Multiple roles of major urinary proteins in the house mouse, Mus domesticus., Biochem Soc Trans. 2003 Feb;31(Pt 1):142-6. PMID:12546672.
2. Lane, R.P., Young, J., Newman, T., and Trask, B.J., 2004. Species specificity in rodent pheromone receptor repertoires. Genome Res. 14: 603-608. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
3. Sherborne, A.L., Michael D., Thom, M.D., Paterson, S., Jury, F., Ollier, W.E.R., Stockley, P., Beynon, R.J. and Hurst, J.L., 2007. The Genetic Basis of Inbreeding Avoidance in House Mice, Current Biology 17, 2061–2066, December 4, 2007.
4. Ferrero, D.M., Moeller, L.M., Osakada T., Horio, N., Li, Q., Dheeraj S.R., Cichy, A., Spehr, M. Touhara, K. Liberles, S.D., 2013. A juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour through the vomeronasal system. Nature, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/nature12579
Those who believe the Bible accept it by faith; however, there are many accounts in the Bible that are testable scientifically. One of these accounts is that of Noah having three sons and these three sons repopulated the entire earth after the flood . This paper provides scientific evidence that all men alive today came from one of three ancient ancestors. Our findings are based on Y-chromosome analysis. The analysis is simple, straightforward, and repeatable; anyone can understand it and repeat it. The data is fully documented herein and generated from mainstream scientific community sources (Reference 1 is the browser and Reference 2 contains the sequences used).
The Bible made the following proclamation thousands of years ago, and now we have the genetic tools to test its validity:
Genesis 9:19 These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.
Genesis 10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.
Background
We know that the Y-chromosome is passed from father to son, and, in general, each generation passes on a few genetic variants to the next generation. These variants provide genetic markers which are highly valuable for tracking ancestry. Geneticists sort people into groups called haplogroups because they contain like genetic markers. The haplogroups form a family tree for all humanity and allow us to trace ancestry back to our most ancient ancestors.
Former Work
We, at Genesis and Genetics, made a preliminary evaluation of Y-chromosome DNA genetic markers and discovered that all human men on earth came from one of three ancient ancestors (Reference 3). We found that any human man could trace his genetic markers back to one and only one of three ancient ancestors. Any man with a marker ‘A’ at rs9786139 is from one ancient ancestor, a marker ‘A’ at rs17306671 is from another ancient ancestor, and a marker ‘G’ at rs3900 is from the third ancient ancestor. It was easy to associate these three most ancient ancestors with Ham, Shem, and Japheth by looking at Biblical history of migration and nations. Ham had the ‘A’ at rs9786139; Shem had the ‘A’ at rs17306671; and Japheth had the ‘G’ at rs3900.
This former research was based on a study of 57 modern human men. All the men had one and only one of the three markers stated above.
Note: We use the terms “mutations,” “variants,” and “markers” interchangeably.
Confirmation
Since our original study, we have looked at many more sequences, a total of 1233 Y-chromosome genomes, and found they all conformed to our original findings. Reference 4 documents the 1233 human genomes and which ones are from each of Noah’s three sons. All 1233 humans had one and only one of the three markers. There were no exceptions. This paper confirms our original findings and compares our Biblical ancestral family tree to that of mainline science.
Comparison to Mainline Science
In general, our analysis agreed with mainstream science concerning haplogroups. Therefore, our family tree uses the same haplogroups as our friends in mainstream science. But they are rooted differently. Here is the secular science tree followed by our family tree. There are several versions of the secular trees (called phylogenetic trees), but we, generally, used the one generated by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy, ISOGG (Reference 5).
Biblical Family tree
As one can see, the two trees are similar, but the root and flow of genetic markers are different. The secular tree is rooted in haplogroup A, and the Biblical tree is rooted in Noah dividing into three separate haplogroups; one from Ham; one from Shem; and one from Japheth. We do not present Noah’s DNA, but it is simply his three sons’ DNA less their genetic markers.
Finding the Tree Root
Armed with these 1233 diverse genomes, we began our search by noticing that a few mutations/genetic markers, were common in the population; some were up to 52 percent of the population. It is quite logical to assume that the higher the mutation’s frequency, the better chance that it is at or near the root of our family tree.
For example, if a mutation is in 1/2 of the population, it probably originated when the population was approximately 2 men. If a mutation is in 1/10th of the male population, it probably originated when the male population was approximately 10. And if a mutation is in1/1,000,000), it probably originated when the world population was 1,000,000.
So, we decided that any mutation with a frequency of more than 5 percent could be one of Noah’s three sons. This assumption would allow for some genetic drift and the inability for our 1233 subjects to exactly match the whole world population distribution.
All Men came from three ancient ancestors
Next, we took each of the mutations with frequencies higher than 5 percent and used them to form genetic groups, i.e., haplogroups. Quickly, we realized that every mutation belonged to one and only one of three ancient ancestors.
It appeared that we found Shem, Ham, and Japheth. There was a Shem haplogroup, a Ham haplogroup, and a Japheth haplogroup. All 1233 genomes fit into one and only one of the three. There were no exceptions. The three root mutations had frequencies of 10%, 38%, and 52%. And, as expected, they added up to 100% of the population. Furthermore, Shem, Ham, and Japheth were associated with the three ancient ancestor mutations easily by looking at the geographical locations of each group and comparing them to Bible history. Ham went south and east; Japheth went north and east, and Shem populated the Near East and Europe.
Noah’s Y-chromosome is impossible to find directly. The reason is that he is the origin of all male humanity and he had, by definition, no genetic markers. Therefore, the way to find Noah’s Y-genome is by determining the genomes of his sons and deleting all their mutations.
The true root of humanity was Adam. Adam’s DNA went through the bottleneck of Noah. So we all came from Adam and we all came from Noah. Adam is the root of all humanity, and Noah is the root of post-flood humanity.
Genetic Mutations/Markers Flow in One Direction
Just as water flows downstream, so do genetic markers. Genetic markers flow from most ancient ancestors to modern ancestors. For instance, your great grandfather passed markers to your grandfather who passed additional markers to your father. Your father passed his additional markers to you,. And if you are a man, you too will pass new markers to your sons. Lineage flows downstream. More and more new markers appear in offspring as the generations pass. However, the original markers of your ancestors remain in your genome. A key point here is that as the markers flow away from the root, the new markers divide the offspring into sub-haplogroups. This dividing into sub-haplogroups shows the direction of the genetic marker flow. Distant branches have only the markers close to the root, but are missing many of the markers in their cousins, second cousins etc.
Therefore, as expected, the data shows that markers flow from Noah’s three sons to their sub-haplogroups. Consider just haplogroup K, everyone from haplogroup K has the rs3900 G marker. Likewise, the sub-haplogroups have additional markers that show they are later generations forming smaller haplogroups such as M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, and T etc. T must come from K, but K cannot come from T.
Since genetic mutations/markers flow downstream, it is not possible that the root of the Y-chromosome family tree is rooted in a marker with a small frequency. In order for that to happen, it would take many bottlenecks, overwrites, drift, and other genetic contortions.
Full Population Representation
The three adjacent haplogroups, IJ, IJK, and K contain 100 percent (Ham 38%, Shem 10%, and Japheth 52%) of the 1233 genomes analyzed. In other words, they are the source of all modern humanity. Take any other combination of the other haplogroups and mix and match them, they do not represent all humanity; they do not add up to 100 percent. The only way you get one hundred percent is to use IJ, IJK, and K.
Biblical and Secular History
The haplogroups IJ, IJK, and K are comprised of people from Mid-East, West Asia, and Near East. According to the Biblical narrative, all humanity came from the Armenian mountains which which are in West Asia and close to the Near East and the Mid-East. In short, these haplogroups locations fit nicely into Biblical history.
The historical age began in Mesopotamia, shortly after the flood. These earliest writings document a worldwide flood and the world populated by the survivors of that flood. Nowhere do these legends and writings record mankind originating from any other part of the world.
Summary
The Y-chromosome DNA is the perfect vehicle for scientifically testing the portion of the Bible that says all modern human men were born of three ancient men. The Y-chromosome data of 1233 genomes corroborates the Biblical account. We now have a Biblical family tree and can trace our ancestry to the Biblical sons of Noah.
Future Work
We are in the process of identifying the DNA of Noah’s 16 grandsons in the family tree.
At Genesis and Genetics, we take secular science findings and use them to defend the Bible. In the case of the fertile crescent archaeology, we have found the following concerning human migration, Nimrod, and the confusion of tongues:
Early Human Migration
Starting with the Bible, we see that early human migration began when Noah’s Ark landed in the mountains of Armenia. Here is what happened after they left the Ark:
* Noah planted a vineyard. The oldest vineyards in the world are in ancient Armenia, as documented in our former blog Noah’s wine country.
* As Noah’s offspring spread out, they settled in the fertile crescent. This was before the migration into the “Land of Shinar.” The reason for this is that the Land of Shinar (Lower Mesopotamia) was underwater. Presently, much of Lower Mesopotamia is less than 60 feet above sea level. For instance, presently the elevation of Babylon is 7 feet, Ur is 59 feet, Uruk is 52 feet, and Eridu is 23 feet.
* A portion of the fertile crescent is to the East of the Land of Shinar in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. According to the Bible, those who settled in the Land of Shinar “came from the East.” This means that only a portion of Noah’s offspring settled in the Land of Shinar. The Bible says that those who settled in the Land of Shinar wanted to “make a name for themselves.” If they were the only civilization on the earth, they wouldn’t have to make a name for themselves.
The Rise of Nimrod (Enmerkar)
* Shortly after the arrival in the Land of Shinar (Sumer), a sophisticated society began, and an Empire arose from the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech). This empire spread out into the fertile crescent. The secular archaeologists refer to it as the Uruk Expansion. The Emperor/ruler/king was a man called Enmerkar. He is a prime candidate, and our pick, for the Biblical Nimrod.
* Enmerkar enjoyed great success until the language was confused. There are many historical references to the confusion of language, and in the “legend of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta,” Enmerkar is blamed for the confusion of tongues.
The Fall of Nimrod
* Enmerkar (Nimrod) lost his empire due to the confusion of tongues. He lost his ability to communicate with his outposts, trade partners, and clans in the empire.
* Enmerkar was credited for being the first to use written language. Written language arose quickly after the Uruk Empire collapsed. Possibly, Enmerkar attempted to restore his empire by introducing writing and using it and scribes to restore the empire. But it didn’t work. Shortly after the collapse of the Uruk empire, the dynastic period began. Each language group had a king. The confusion of tongues accomplished God’s purpose in that it divided the people.
* Enmerkar (Nimrod) was shamed and fell into obscurity.
Biblical Narrative
Disembarkation
Noah and his family disembarked in ancient Armenia. Modern archeology tells us that the most ancient vineyards are in ancient Armenia. This is also the point of origin of most domestic grapes. So, all humanity and domestic grapes migrated from ancient Armenia (Noah’s Wine Country), consistent with the Bible.
Early migration
As Noah’s children multiplied, they sought new lands and adventure. Some migrated North and East to Asia, and some migrated South to the fertile crescent, including Egypt. At this time, the waters were still receding from the flood, and lower Mesopotamia (the Land of Shinar) was still underwater. As the waters receded, those in the fertile crescent East of the Land of Shinar moved into the rich alluvial plain, which became Sumer and Akkad.
Genesis 11:2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
Confusion of Language
They wanted to do two things, first, make a name for themselves, and two, they wanted to disobey the command of God to scatter, i.e., migrate. If they continued with their goals, God would lose the hope of having a people unto Himself; a one-world government would be risky in that there would be a loss of freedom of choice. God decided to stop the Enmerkar empire and did the following:
Genesis
11:6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.
11:7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.
11:8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.
One mind one language – Nimrod -Emperor
The entire population of the world spoke one language and were of one mind. In the land of Sumer, there arose a mighty person who built the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech) and formed an empire. Because the people were of one mind, he had little trouble forming this empire without bloodshed. It was a sophisticated society with farming, the wheel, chariots, government, toilets, septic tanks, geometry, the “Roman” arch, irrigation, think tanks, and beer. The Empire planted outposts near trading partners, and everything was booming. Here are the scriptures about Nimrod (Enmerkar):
Genesis
10:8 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.
10:9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.
10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. ‘
10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,
10:12 And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.
Timeframe
These scriptures vividly point to the making of an empire with Nimrod as the emperor. Everything fits with the Bible except the carbon 14 dates. However, the secular carbon dates assume there was no flood. If the dates are corrected for flood effects, it all comes together. Here is our date assessment using the Flood Effects on Radio-Carbon Dating corrected dates.
Event Corrected dates Secular dates
The flood 2348 BC (Bible) Didn’t happen
Oldest vineyard 2150 BC 6100 BC
Death of Noah 1998 BC He didn’t exist
Uruk Expansion Start 1996 BC 3700 BC
Confusion of Tongues 1908 BC 3000 BC
Jemdat Nassr period 1930 BC -1892 BC 3150 BC – 2900 BC
(transition period
Between the Uruk empire
and the dynastic era)
First writing 1908 BC 3000 BC
Beginning of 1892 BC 2900 BC
Dynastic Period
(End of Uruk Empire)
The obvious question is, “where was Noah when all this happened?” Notice in the above dates that the Uruk expansion did not start until Noah died. This makes sense in that Noah must have been considered an important influence on society, and maybe the Uruk expansion, which included the building of the Tower of Babel, could not have happened if Noah were alive.
Conclusion:
Noah’s offspring migrated from the vineyard in all directions, but many settled in the Fertile Crescent. As the waters abated, those from the Eastern portion of the fertile crescent settled in the Biblical “Land of Shinar” (Mesopotamia). From the Land of Shinar, there arose a powerful man, Nimrod/Enmerkar, who built the city of Uruk (Erech) and from that city arose the Uruk/Erech empire. The empire spread to much of the ancient world, but the confusion of languages caused the empire to topple. The emperor attempted to keep the empire intact by using an invention, writing; however, it didn’t work, and the empire collapsed, ushering in the dynastic period. The dynastic period stopped globalization, and nations began to form.
The account of Eve is an interesting and important segment of our genetic history. The Bible says that God put Adam into a deep sleep, took one of Adam’s ribs, and made a woman (Genesis 2:21-22). Adam named her Eve and proclaimed that she was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24). Eve’s DNA, like Adam’s, was perfect. It was without mutations and immortal.
Eve’s DNA and science
So, how does modern science line up with this account? First of all, does the man’s rib contain enough genetic information to make a woman? The answer is “yes,” Adam’s ribs contained all the necessary genetic information to make Eve. However, it is interesting to note that if the first human were a woman, her rib would not contain enough information to make a man. This is because women do not have the y-chromosome. So, if the Bible stated that God created a woman first and then a man from her rib, the Bible would be in error; but, the Bible got it right and stands true. This all seems elementary to us now, but remember that the scriptures are much older than our knowledge of DNA.
Adam and Eve were near-identical twins
It follows, from both a Biblical and genetic perspective, that Eve was Adam’s feminine identical twin. When Adam said that Eve was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24), he was confirming this point. Is this possible? Can there be male/female identical twins? Yes, it is possible: if a geneticist takes two identical twin embryos and genetically engineers them so one has two X chromosomes and the other has one X and one Y chromosome, the resulting two humans will be identical male/female twins. Although rare, there are natural occurrences of male/female identical twins. For further information on this, just do an internet search on “male/female identical twins.”
Eve’s children
A common question to this notion of Adam and Eve being identical male/female twins is: “If Adam and Eve were identical twins, wouldn’t all their children also be identical to Adam and/or Eve?” The answer to this question is “No.” Adam and Eve were identical twins and they each had two copies of every gene. Due to a biological process called “meiosis,” these genes were shuffled differently for each of their children, and that fact coupled with epigenetic effects results in the chances of a child having identical DNA to Adam or Eve being infinitely small. This process of meiosis is easily understood, just search on “meiosis” and you will find many videos and detailed explanations.
Sin and mutations
When Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, they sinned and reaped the penalty of sin. They became mortal and subject to genetic mutations. These mutations cause disease, deformities, and death, but they allow us to track our heritage. It is the consensus of both creation and secular scientists that all humans presently on earth come from one woman: “Eve” (creationists) and “Mitochondrial Eve” (secular scientists).
Genesis 3:20 And Adam called his wife’s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
Summary
In conclusion, Eve’s creation and genetic composition provide a fascinating bit of our human history that helps us understand our origins. It also demonstrates the convergence of modern science with the Biblical scriptures.
The Bible is the basis for all science. Consider the Biblical account of the creation of Eve by use of Adam’s rib.
Genesis 2:21 -22 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. (ESV)
This is an interesting scripture. Adam was formed first from the earth, then Eve was made from Adam’s rib.
Human Ribs Regenerate
I recently read an article about a man who was in a serious automobile accident; he lived but required many reconstruction surgeries on his face and cranium. He noticed that the doctor was using rib material for the reconstruction, and it appeared that the doctor kept using the same rib. Before one surgery the man asked the doctor when would he have to start using a different rib. The surgeon told him that it wouldn’t be necessary since human ribs regenerate.
This seemed amazing, so I checked it out. It is true, PubMedID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332200/ documents 12 patients that were subject to cranioplasty surgery using their human ribs to rebuild cranium bone damage. Forty-two pieces of rib, an average length of 13 cm were removed to rebuild the cranium. All 12 patients “had solid protection of the brain” and “complete regeneration of the donor rib.”
Adam was Restored to Perfection
The rib is the only human bone that regenerates. Isn’t it lucky the Bible picked the right bone? No, actually, it wasn’t luck, God designed it that way and the Bible is the Word of God.
The fact that the rib regenerates supports another scripture:
Genesis 1:31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. (KJV)
If Adam would have had a missing rib, the creation wouldn’t be “very good,” but it would be blemished. However, we now know that Adam was totally restored to the “very good” condition; science confirms what has been in Genesis all along.
The Bible Got it Right
Here is another significant scientific fact concerning the creation of Eve. Adam, being a human male, had one X and one Y chromosome; Eve had two Xs. This may be a small point, but it shows that all the genetic information required to create Eve was in Adam. So, Eve could be taken from Adam, but Adam could not be taken from Eve. The Bible stands, pure.
If scientists considered the Bible as a scientific source, we wouldn’t waste so much time and resources. We are finding that the Bible accurately describes dark mass and energy, genetics, zoology, geology, paleontology, linguistics, and physics. The Bible has stood, stands, and will stand forever.
Post Note: It is a myth that women have fewer ribs than men.
You have a lot of Neanderthal DNA. At least 99.5 percent of your DNA is identical to Neanderthal 1. Recent DNA sequencing reveals the truth of Neanderthal, and it is time to bury all our preconceived ideas about him.
We have been led to believe that Neanderthal is our ancient, hairy, brutish, ape-like, ignorant, slumped-over ancient cousin. And that he went extinct because he was inept. His DNA, however, is shouting out to us that this is not the case. He is 99.5 percent like us. This 99.5 percent similarity is not based on our opinion or analysis; it is based on published secular scientific papers. By the way, we present-day humans share this same amount of DNA, 99.5 percent, with one another 2. Whether you are European, African, Asian, American, or Australian, you are closely related to Neanderthal. The 0.5 percent that separates us from one another, and Neanderthal, lies in our genetic markers. * These genetic markers provide humanity with natural variation.
What we know about Neanderthal
So, let’s follow the Neanderthal DNA and see where it takes us. Thanks to the work of many scientists, we now have more than mitochondrial DNA sequences 3. And thanks to several private laboratories, these DNA sequences are being translated into physical characteristics. Here are several examples of what is being discovered about Neanderthal:
Neanderthal is fully human
Neanderthal falls inside the variation of present-day human DNA 3 . Therefore, it would be difficult to conclude anything other than Neanderthal being fully human. He shares the status of “made in the image and likeness of God” (Genesis 1:26) with us.
Neanderthal had less hair than modern humans
Neanderthal had less hair on his back than many present-day humans. This characteristic is due to genetic marker rs4849721, which Neanderthal and some present-day humans share. If you have a T at this marker position, you probably have less back hair than average 4. Neanderthals have the T, which means they probably had less back hair than the average present-day human. Hmmm, so much for the hairy ape-man image.
Neanderthal and freckles
Neanderthals had freckles 5. People with light skin get freckles because they have less melanin, which causes uneven tanning. It appears that freckles are now in vogue. Some of our most famous movie stars have them. So, Neanderthals are not just human, but “in vogue” humans.
Neanderthal Complexion
Several Neanderthal DNA sequences have genes indicative of red hair 5 and blue eyes. That is not to say that all Neanderthal had red hair and blue eyes, but, at least, some had these characteristics. By now, hopefully, you can see that at least some Neanderthals would look like someone you would bump into at a St. Patrick’s Day celebration.
Neanderthal Speech
Neanderthal shares the FOXP2 gene 6 with us, indicating that he was capable of complex speech just as we are. Also, it is generally accepted that Neanderthal had a larger brain 7 than present-day man. So, perhaps he was more articulate than we are.
Neanderthal strength and energy
Although Neanderthals share 99.5 percent of our total DNA, they share only 98.7 percent of our mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This difference in mitochondrial DNA is interesting and can be explained. Mitochondrial DNA is a primary contributor to our energy, strength, and length of life. The fact that Neanderthal mtDNA differs from us by 1.3 percent fits the fossil evidence nicely. Neanderthal fossils indicate them having better muscle tone, more strength, and better bone structure than we have. In short, he was buff. Also, some mature Neanderthals had a prominent brow ridge indicative of them living long lives 8.
Neanderthal complex relationships
Neanderthals, in general, have less genetic diversity than we have; however, researchers are finding little or no evidence of incest 9. This, in my opinion, signifies that Neanderthal had complex relationship structures, as do we. Maybe he came calling with a bouquet of flowers, a box of chocolates, and an articulate, witty proposal.
Neanderthal was not an ape-man
According to DNA, Neanderthal is 99.5 percent like you. He was not a hairy, ignorant, inept ape-man. He was human, created in the image of God just like you. So, the obvious question is, where does Neanderthal fit into the chronicles of human history? We have concluded that he is the Biblical pre-flood human (click here).
Commentary Note: You may have heard that some geneticists proclaim that we have only a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. Some say 2-4 percent, some say 0 percent, and some say 20 percent. These claims come from the same scientific community that says we share 99.5 percent of our DNA with Neanderthals. Why this huge conflict? Suffice it to say, the 99.5 percent is correct, and the lower numbers are contrived to justify the “out of Africa” and evolutionary hypotheses. To demonstrate this point, ask yourself how we can share only 2-4 percent with Neanderthal and 50 percent of our DNA with the banana? It depends on what data is used for analysis and how one interprets it. The DNA sequences are available to the public and can be verified and viewed by anyone.
Summary
Neanderthals were all human and, in many ways, superior to modern-day humans. They fit perfectly into human history as being pre-flood i.e., antediluvian humans.
New details on Neanderthal are emerging every day, as are Neanderthal’s physical appearance reconstructions. We will keep you posted:
* Genetic markers – Single Nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, short tandem repeats, et. al.
With this paper, you can find your ancient Biblical ancestor. Is it Shem, Ham, or Japheth? At Genesis and Genetics, we have examined Y-chromosome genomes searching for Noah and his three sons. They were easy to find. According to our analysis, if you have the rs17306671 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A, you are from Shem. The rs9786139 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide A means you are from Ham. And if you have the rs3900 Y-chromosome mutation nucleotide G, you are from Japheth. Of course, if you are a woman, you don’t have a Y-chromosome; so, you will have to get your father’s or brother’s DNA.
Background
Here is some background: Y-chromosome DNA is found only in men. Consequently, men pass it down to their sons and their son’s sons, etc. The Y-chromosome has approximately 60 million base pairs, each subject to mutations. Mutations develop in the Y-chromosome, typically at the rate of 2 mutations per generation (Reference 1 and 30 years per generation). Therefore, these mutations are genetic markers that allow us to track ancestry. Our findings are consistent with the Bible and modern science raw data.
Consequently, if one man populated all the earth, all males would have his Y-chromosome. Then, if this man had two sons, one would expect that roughly half of the world would have one son’s mutations and the other half would have the other son’s mutations. Furthermore, if our original ancestor had ten grandsons, one would expect each grandson to have mutations in approximately 10 percent of the male population. Successive generations would continue to generate new mutations that would form a human family tree. Geneticists call this tree a phylogenetic tree.
Procedure – Y-chromosome Analysis
The following presents the easy-to-follow logic and analysis which anyone can repeat.
We started by looking for all Y-chromosome mutations/markers with a frequency of more than 5 percent. This was easy by taking existing phylogenetic trees and looking for which markers had a frequency of more than 5 % of the population.
Next, we took one single human Y-chromosome genome (HG02461 a man from Gambia, Africa). We found that he had a marker at L15, re9786139. This marker is in approximately 38 percent of the world’s male population. So, we knew our African from Gambia came from our ancient ancestor with the L15 marker.
Then we continued to look at individual human genomes from other places in Africa, Japan, China, Europe, South America, and North America. We found that all our subjects were related to one of just three major groups. Specifically, these groups were L15/ rs9786139, M9/ rs3900, and M429/ rs17306671. The implication is that our original male ancestor had three sons. Consequently, all male humans were born from these three sons.
Data
The data used in this research came from the 1000 genomes project (Reference 2) and was retrieved using the Ensembl browser (Reference 3). The data appeared to be correct with no errors. We eliminated no data due to suspect errors, and no data was “cherry-picked” to suit any preconceived ideas. Our thanks to the great effort of those who did the sequencing and publishing of the raw data. We also greatly appreciate that it was made available to the public.
Spreadsheets – Ancient Ancestors
The spreadsheet below documents 57 Y-genomes of diverse people (Americas, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, and Africa). It provides 57 rows (individual male humans) and 30 columns (mutations over 5 percent of the population). Each column element of the matrix was color-coded to show us whether the individual had the mutation or not. We noticed patterns beginning to form (you can CLICK HERE to see the EXCEL copy.)
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 1)
Next, we switched columns and rows to form groups. Then, we arranged the mutations in descending order based on MAF percentage. A clear pattern emerged, as one can see in the figure below. We see that each individual fits into just one group and has no mutations in any other group. Also, we see that every individual in each group has the mutation with the greatest MAF; this is the mutation of the most ancient ancestor of that group. Here is what the spreadsheet looks like after grouping: Note: you can CLICK HERE to see the matrix in EXCEL. This image will allow you to find your ancient Biblical ancestor: Shem, Ham, or Japheth
Find your ancient Biblical ancestor via Y-chromosome (image 2)
Looking at the matrix above, we see that each group has one maximum MAF. The yellow is .38, the red is .52, and the green is .10. They add up to 100 percent.
Biblical Narrative
Now that we have shown that our most ancient ancestor had three sons, we can state that this finding is consistent with the Bible. The three groups are compatible with the three sons of Noah: Ham, Shem, and Japheth. The Bible states that, generally, those from Ham went south to Africa and southern Asia, those from Japheth went north to northern Europe and northern Asia, and those from Shem stayed in the Caucuses, the Near East, and North Africa. Therefore, one could easily conclude that Ham is the yellow group, Shem is the green group, and Japheth is the red group. Note: We now know Noah’s Y-chromosome since it is the genome of the three sons with all mutations removed.
Bible in Genesis 10, the Table of Nations, states that all humanity came from these three sons:
Genesis 10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.
Genesis 10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood.
Results
Therefore, we can assume that roughly 1/3 of the earth’s male population came from each son, but, since Japheth had seven sons, Ham had four sons, and Shem had five sons; therefore, the following world percentages are more applicable:
Patriarch Number of sons % Projected World Population Observation
Japheth 7 sons 43.75 52
Ham 4 sons 25 38
Shem 5 sons 31.25 10
The chart above shows that the Ham and Japheth results were higher than expected, and Shem was lower than expected. However, the following explains the differences:
(1) The Ham and Japheth offspring are in the world’s heavily populated areas, namely South and East Asia.
(2) The Thousand Genomes Project did not provide representatives of the Near East, the Mid-East, or Northern Africa, all of which would increase the Shem percentage, thereby decreasing Ham and Japheth’s percentages.
The above two issues are not meant as criticism but offered as an explanation.
Historical Evidence
Our findings are consistent with the Bible, ancient secular history, and genetic diversity:
The Bible documents Noah and his family as the only ones spared from the deluge that flooded the entire earth, and Noah’s three sons repopulated the world.
The historical period began when the Sumerians began writing cuneiform tablets. These early writings documented the kings before and after the flood. Also, the Sumerian legends are consistent with three sons repopulating the world. These three sons were t
According to the Bible and Sumerian history, all humanity came from one family. As they migrated throughout the world, those separated into satellite groups lost their genetic diversity; therefore, the most genetic diversity should be where Noah’s family settled, the Near East. Those who migrated to the Americas, Australia, and southern Africa lost genetic diversity. We can consider two levels of observing genetic diversity, first, what we see and, second, what DNA tells us. We can easily see eye color, skin color, and hair color. Looking at a globe, it is apparent that those with the most visual diversity meet in the Near East, the place of disembarkation from Noah’s Ark. From a DNA standpoint, one can look at the diversity of haplogroups, both Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial. The extremities are South Africa, Australia, and the Americas, with only a few haplogroups. The location with the most haplogroups is in the Near East.
Summary
(1) Anyone can trace their ancient ancestry back to Shem, Ham, or Japheth by using our method. Women will need DNA from a father, brother, or some other male relative.
(2) From a Y-chromosome perspective, it appears that all humanity came from three male humans.
(3) Item (1) is not proof of the Biblical narrative concerning Noah’s three sons, but it is consistent with it. To prove it, one would have to sequence every human male ever born and analyze his genome.
(4) We can now project Noah’s DNA; it is that of his three sons with no mutations.
(5) Our findings are consistent with the Bible, Sumerian history, and our current state of human diversity.
Future analysis It is now possible to know the Y-chromosome DNA of Noah’s grandchildren.
(2) You should get a new window with the following “rs9786139 (Human Variant).” Click on it. Notice that the MAF is .38.
(3) Click on the ICON that says, “population genetics.” Scroll down to find “AMR” and the subgroup “PEL.” Click on the “PEL.” You can see that 95 percent of this group has a “G,” and 5 percent of the population have an “A.” Next, go to the far right of the “PEL” row and click on “show.” Each of the rows of this screen is an actual human being. You will notice that most of this group has a “G,” but a few have an “A.”
(4) Looking at the population genetics of those from PEL, Peru, you can see that a few Peruvians are from Ham, but most are from someone else. You can find out who by entering the defining mutations for Shem and Japheth. If you enter all the mutations and analyze the same Peruvian, you will see all his mutations fall into one group. If you look at rs3900, you will see that most Peruvians are from Japheth.
(5) continue entering the mutations one by one, and you will see that our Peruvian is only from one group and has no mutations from any other group. If you do a significant number of individuals, please send them to us.
after God rested, He took the DNA created on day 6 and formed man, and breathed life into him. For those of you who study Hebrew, you will see that the word used in Genesis 1 is different from the one used in Genesis 2. The word used in Genesis 1 is “bara” having the sense of selecting. In Genesis 2 the word “yatsar” has the sense of forming or squeezing into shape much like a potter forming his pot.
