Category Archives: Young earth

Genesis Chapters 1 and 2 – Agreement or Contradiction

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Migration, origins, Young earth

Logical and chronological

Genesis chapters 1 and 2 have been a bit of a mystery in that they appear to be in conflict with one another. However, now that we understand DNA, these two chapters converge into one creation account that is logically and chronologically perfect.

Genesis 1 documents the order of creation. Genesis chapter 2, on the other hand, documents the activation of the creation.

Everything was created before the seventh day. However, the plants had not been planted and neither animals nor man had been given the breath of life. The Bible is clear, God rested on the seventh day. If God had given man life on the sixth day, God could not have rested on the seventh. He wouldn’t abandon Adam nor would He want to miss Adam’s first day of life. Then, after God rested, He formed Adam from the earth in accordance with the DNA created and selected on day 6. In chapter 2, God gave Adam the breath of life and he, Adam, became a living soul.

Bara and Yatsar

This notion is further supported by the parable of the farmer who planted his field with good seed and then rested (Matthew 13:24). As the farmer rested, the seeds had not yet started growing, they were still dormant, still in seed form. This is the way it was on day 7 of creation; everything was created, ready for activation, but dormant. Then, in Genesis chapter 2, after God rested, He took the DNA created on day 6 and formed man, and breathed life into him. For those of you who study Hebrew, you will see that the word used in Genesis 1 is different from the one used in Genesis 2. The word used in Genesis 1 is “bara” having the sense of selecting. In Genesis 2 the word “yatsar” has the sense of forming or squeezing into shape much like a potter forming his pot.

Activation

Here is some of the Genesis 2 account of the creation. It shows that the materials were available, the plans were complete, and then came the activation. Please consider the following excerpts from Genesis 2:

When no bush of the field was yet in the land and no small plant of the field had yet sprung up–for the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the land, and there was no man to work the ground, Genesis 2:5

then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature. Genesis 2:7

And the LORD God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, and there he put the man whom he had formed. Genesis 2:8

And out of the ground the LORD God made to spring up every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food. The tree of life was in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Genesis 2:9

The LORD God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it. Genesis 2:15

Now out of the ground the LORD God had formed every beast of the field and every bird of the heavens and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. And whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. Genesis 2:19

The man gave names to all livestock and to the birds of the heavens and to every beast of the field.  Genesis 2:20

So, Adam was given life first, then the plants, then the animals. It all makes sense.

This also explains Genesis 5:2 which has been a mystery until now:

Genesis 5:2 Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. (KJV)

The “they” is “we”

He created them male and female and called their name Adam. He called their name Adam. Adam embodied all human genetic variation. Your genes, my genes, everyone’s genes were in Adam. We were all created on day 6 and God called our name “Adam.” The name “Adam” means “man.” It goes on to say “in the day when they were created.” Again, the they is we. Our DNA was created on day six, but we were formed and given life in our mother’s womb.

Dear friends and children, know that the Bible is true and can be trusted. Genesis chapters one and two are logically and chronologically perfect.

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Big Bang and the Bible

Cosmology, Creation, origins, Quantum mechanics, Young earth
Big Bang
Big Bang

Recent discoveries in cosmology have resulted in the ‘big bang’ theory. Some pieces of the theory are clear, and some pieces are problematic. The clear pieces are in tune with the Bible, and the rest are not. Here is what is clear and in tune with the Bible. (1) The universe had a beginning, (2) The universe is expanding, (3) The expansion of the universe is accelerating,   and (4) The universe is magnificent and huge (at least as big as the event horizon). These four points have reached consensus in both Biblical and modern science circles.

Big Bang – Background

One could say that the Bible is the origin of the big bang concept. The Bible documents that our universe had a beginning and that God created it and stretched it out. (Genesis 1:1, Isaiah 45:12, et al.) Then in 1929, Edwin Hubble proved that the universe is, indeed, expanding. His discovery solved one mystery of cosmology. Cosmologists did not know if the universe was expanding, contracting, or static. Cosmology was doing well, and the term “big bang theory” arose in the late 1940s. There were several unanswered questions, but they were making progress. One question continued to plague them: From where did the energy, laws of physics, and cosmological constants come?

Big Bang confusion

Then in 1998, two cosmology research projects discovered that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate. This discovery changed cosmology forever. The acceleration of the expanding universe meant that there had to be some large force driving the expansion or some large mass outside the universe giving everything a gravitational force outward. Scientists coined the terms ‘dark force’ and ‘dark energy’ to explain the accelerated expansion, but no one knows anything about dark energy and matter. They know that something is causing the universe to expand at an accelerated rate. This expansion was an inconvenient surprise.

Modern Cosmology

Here is a summary of some of the primary ‘big bang theory’ problems facing modern cosmology:

Everything from Nothing

From where did all the energy come to fuel the big bang? How did everything come from nothing? Having everything come from nothing defies all scientific laws and common sense. Many proposed solutions to this problem require adopting the concept of the universe being a temporal happening in an eternal system. It is the only possibility and confirms one more portion of the Biblical creation.

Space Creation

The big bang is an expansion of a singularity. Singularities, by definition, dwell in infinitely small spaces, so from where did all the space come? Quantum physics has shown us space is very complicated. So, did it evolve instantaneously?

Creation of time

Time doesn’t exist in singularities. So, what created the concept of time, and what started it going?

Basic Building Blocks of the Universe

How did all the quarks, leptons, and bosons evolve and self-assemble within a billionth of a second? These basic building blocks of the universe each have precise mass, charge, spin, and color, all of which are fine-tuned to perform their function in making the universe useful and beautiful. They also have a dual personality, primarily a wave but can also exist as particles. They are complex to the extreme. Scientists cannot understand how they work, much less create one. So, how could they evolve by chance uniformly and intricately in a billionth of a second without intelligence?

Physical Laws and Constants

How did the fundamental physical constants and laws of physics miraculously evolve in a trillionth of a second? They are perfectly in tune with one another, allowing our universe and us to exist.

Dark Stuff

Dark matter and dark energy were conceived when the redshift verified that the universe was expanding and accelerating its expansion. The problem is that no one understands anything about them. Scientists are not even sure they exist. All that is known is that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate. If dark matter and energy exist, they make up 95 percent of the universe. Wow!

Orderly

Another competing issue for the greatest mystery of cosmology concerns entropy, the measure of order. The question is, how did the big bang start with such high order? From where did the order come? One would think that the big bang started with disorder, but it didn’t.

Vacuum Energy

Then we have the puzzling cosmological constant, which measures how much energy there is in a vacuum. This constant is in fierce debate. The cosmologists have their number, and quantum physicists have their number. Who is right? They are very different numbers. These two values differ by 10 to the 120th. In other words, they are off by 10 with 120 zeros behind the 10. This difference is embarrassing, but it shows a tremendous lack of understanding of space. Please note that those in quantum physics have an outstanding record of being right, and their number may be correct.

Dimensions of Space

There is also debate on the number of dimensions defining space. Some say three, some say 10, some 26, and some say many. No one knows.

Spatial Inflation – Fudge Factor

Many of those who accept the present big bang model embrace spatial inflation. Spatial inflation is the sudden stretching out of space to justify happenings faster than the speed of light. Some physicists do not accept spatial inflation and call it a fudge factor. A fudge factor is what scientists invent to make things fit the theory. S Most physicists contend that the speed of light is the speed limit in the universe. But we know things travel faster than the speed of light, so the spatial inflation notion solves this problem; space inflates rapidly, stretching out space and the light within it. But the problem is, what turns spatial inflation on and off? What orchestrates it? Cosmologists use spatial inflation to make their timeline work. The observed universe is 92 billion light-years in diameter, but they say it happened 14 billion years ago. Something is wrong.

Matter/Antimatter

Then another big problem in cosmology is the lack of antimatter. According to findings in the colliders, you cannot produce matter without antimatter. So, the question becomes: what happened to the antimatter during the big bang? When matter and antimatter coexist, they annihilate one another. Scientists admit that unless something separated the matter from the antimatter, the universe could not exist.

Gravity

One more significant problem is gravity. Why is there gravity, and from where does it come? Is it a particle, or is it curved space?

Biblical cosmology

As said before, the Bible agrees with (1) the universe had a beginning, (2) the universe is expanding, or as the Bible says, the heavens are being stretched, and (3) the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, and (4) the universe is enormous and magnificent. The big difference between the Bible and cosmology is time. Cosmologists say the universe is 13.8 billion years old, and the Bible says it is approximately 6000 years old. This time difference is considerable. Time dilatation or spatial inflation may explain the difference.

The Bible says that a Divine Creator spoke all things into existence. The Biblical narrative is consistent with modern quantum physics, which proclaims the basic building blocks of the universe are, in fact, waves, quantum waves. It appears that in the beginning, everything was ‘null and void,’ and the first thing created was light. At the end of the first day, God called it a day; therefore, it appears that God created time in the beginning. The Bible clearly states in Genesis chapter 1 that God created all things in six days. The Bible does not treat the creation as miracles; it simply records the creator’s handiwork.

Miracles

Presently, miracles dominate the big bang theory. Cosmologists theorize that everything miraculously came from nothing. A singularity with miraculous entropy miraculously evolved into our laws of physics, cosmological constants, time, space, and quantum particles in less than one billionth of a second. Then, miraculously, multi-dimensioned space was put in place, and some miraculous force stretched out the universe, miraculously separating matter from antimatter. Miraculously, in less than one trillionth of a second, spatial inflation appeared and was miraculously orchestrated so everything would unfold and not be limited to the speed of light.

The current modern cosmology depends on more miracles than science. They understand very little, including how time and space work, but they are sure that space was created in a time of 13.8 billion years. The present writer is confident that the 13.8 billion years will change drastically to match the Biblical time.

Summary

Modern cosmology is converging with the Bible because of better telescopes. The “big bang” and the “big creation” models are closer than ever. The Bible is the fundamental book of science, and its proclamations are testable. The present writer has concluded that when modern science solves the problems stated above, the Bible will stand as the Bible of cosmology.

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Radiocarbon Dating with flood effects

Isotope dating, Noah's flood, Young earth

Radiocarbon dating calibrations

Radiocarbon dating has placed Neanderthals at 30,000+ years before present; extinct dire wolves have been dated to 10,000+ years before present, and coal has been dated to 20,000+ years before present. However, the Bible proclaims a young earth, approximately 6,000 years old. How can these differences be rectified? We, at Genesis and Genetics, have concluded that the carbon levels are generally correct, but the calibration is wrong. Secular science assumes no significant catastrophes such as Noah’s flood; however, if we consider the flood, we find that: Noah’s flood significantly influences radiocarbon dating.

Radiocarbon dating calibration correcting for Biblical flood

This paper offers the following radiocarbon dating conversion chart. This chart converts secular science carbon dates to Biblical dates. This chart assumes that (1) the Bible dates are correct, (2) a global catastrophic flood did happen, and (3) the secular radio-carbon values are correct. The following chart may be used to convert any secular science radiocarbon date to a Biblical date, or you can CLICK HERE to go to our Radiocarbon Dating Biblical Date Calculator.

Figure 1 requires the following points of explanation:

Later that 1000 B.C.

All dates more recent than approximately 1,000 B.C. are the same for the secular and Biblical calibrations.

The two spikes

Figure 1 shows two spikes. One is a  human-made spike caused by the atomic bomb testing of the 1940s and 1950s. The second spike is due to the global flood. They are similar in form, and both had temporary but significant effects on Carbon 14 amounts.

Before the flood

The amount of Carbon 14/12 ratio before the flood was constant. God created the world with everything stable and mature.

The flood

The Flood suddenly reduced Carbon 14/12 which explains how secular carbon dating is so different than Biblical. The year of the flood, 2348 B.C., the carbon 14/carbon12 ratio goes essentially to zero.

Several possibilites

For some secular dates, there can be several Biblical dates. For instance, consider 10,000 B.C., the Biblical calculator gives three possibilities: 3398 B.C., 2348 B.C., and 2250 B.C. The 3398 B.C. date would be someone who died before the flood and had his grave washed to a place where anthropologists could find it. The 2348 B.C. date would be someone who died in the flood, not at the onslaught, but several weeks or months later. They would have lived on one of the massive rafts of debris or in a boat other than the Ark. The 2250 B.C. date would apply to one who died 98 years after the flood.

Recovery period after the flood

The period between the flood and 1,000 B.C. was the flood-recovery period, which was also the ice age.

Bible Background

God told Noah that He would destroy the earth with a flood (Genesis 6:13). The flood was a catastrophe of Biblical proportions. The land surface was washed, damaged, and resurfaced as the rains came down. The atmosphere was washed clean by the torrents of rain. The oceans were stirred as the fountains of the deep opened and accompanied by earthquakes and volcanoes. All these happenings changed the carbon quantities of the atmosphere, the land, and the sea.

How we built the Conversion Chart

Radiocarbon dating is a function of the ratio of the amount of carbon-14 divided by the amount of carbon-12. Figure 2 provides a time history estimate of carbon 14/12 levels in our atmosphere. This estimate is based on the assumptions that the carbon 14/12 levels were constant before the flood, dipped to very low levels during the flood, and recovered to the levels we have now. The highlighted numbers in Figure 2 correspond to the explanatory notes.

Atmospheric carbon values can change quickly

Our world is continually balancing the amounts of carbon in the atmosphere, the oceans, and the soil, and this balance does not discriminate between carbon-12 and carbon-14, they mix homogeneously. Fortunately, we have data regarding sudden changes in carbon-14 levels and the atmosphere’s response to these sudden changes. There was a sudden injection of carbon 14 in the 1950s and 1960s during the atomic bomb tests, and these tests can help us understand the effects of sudden changes to carbon 14/12 levels. The nuclear testing caused the carbon 14 values to skyrocket in the atmosphere while the carbon 12 remained the same; carbon-14 levels doubled from the pre-atomic-testing values (Reference 1). Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5730 years and had it not been for the dry land and the oceans, it would have taken 10s of thousands of years to recover to the pre-atomic-testing levels, but, surprisingly, it recovered quickly, in just a few decades. The atmosphere recovered quickly due to the absorption of Carbon-14 into the land and sea. Figures 1 and 2 show this atomic testing carbon-14 “spike'”. This is a human-made spike, but the God-made “spike” can also be seen in both figures.

The deep oceans are deficient in carbon-14

Another point of evidence is that even today there are vast differences in the amount of carbon 14 in the various depths of water; for instance, right now, some of the deep ocean has water that carbon dates to 2400 years before present, and the average deep ocean water dates to 1400 years before present (Reference 2). Therefore, it is easy to conclude that the pre-flood deep oceans contained almost no carbon-14. Plus, this deep ocean water would mix with the “fountains of the deep” water which would contain no carbon-14 but much carbon-12.

The carbon-12 released by the earthquakes and volcanoes reduced the carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio

Since carbon dating uses the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12, the additional amount of carbon-12 would make the ratio smaller, which would also result in dates older than the true dates. Presently our atmosphere contains approximately 800 gigatons of carbon. This carbon comes from volcanoes and the photosynthesis of plants. Currently, we are having volcanoes that occasionally erupt, but also emit small amounts of carbon while dormant, but during Noah’s flood, there would be massive eruptions and fissures spewing large amounts of carbon. This carbon would be pure and carbon-14 free.

Our body replaces nearly 100 percent of its carbon annually. (Reference 3)

The Biblical narrative implies that many creatures did not die at the flood onset. It appears that there were huge rafts of debris, possibly hundreds of miles in breadth and thousands of feet in depth. Therefore, creatures, including humans, could have survived for weeks or even months on these rafts of debris. The longer a human, animal, or plant survived would significantly affect their amount of carbon-14/12. Much radiocarbon testing uses collagen, which is the body replaces rapidly.

The atmosphere was different before the flood

The fossil record documents enormous insects and mammals in ancient times. (Reference 4). Secular science had concluded that these giant insects could only have lived at a time when the oxygen levels in the atmosphere were 30 to 50 percent higher than what we currently have. This ancient atmosphere would, most probably, have reduced the production of carbon-14 simply because there would be less nitrogen available to convert to carbon-14. We consider the ancient atmosphere as that before the flood.

Summary

In summary, the global flood has a significant effect on carbon dating. The fountains of the deep opened, spewing out carbon-14-free water; the surface of the earth was covered with carbon-14-free silt; the massive volcanic eruptions flooded the atmosphere with carbon-12, and the carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio was reduced close to zero. Since carbon is replaced quickly in the body of living creatures, the exact time and circumstance of death affect the carbon dating results.

Takeaways from conversion chart

Here are some exciting takeaways we can collect from this chart in figure 1:

1. The “flood spike” of carbon 14/12 explains why secular scientists have concluded everything is older than the Biblical dates.

2. The Bible implies that all the creatures did not die until just a few months before the landing of the Ark; therefore, the carbon 14/12 ratio was changing rapidly in all living beings during this period. The resulting dates could vary by thousands of years. Looking at the chart in Figure 1, we can see a vertical line at the year 2348. During this single year, many humans, plants, and animals died. Some during the initial onslaught and some during the ten months or so while on rafts or boats. Each casualty reflected the carbon ratio at that time. Their bodies were rapidly replacing low carbon14 from the atmosphere and the food chain.

3. Any radiocarbon date more recent than 1000 B.C. is generally accurate no matter the calibration- secular or Biblical.

4. The chart shows two spikes, one from the atomic bombs and one from the flood. Both spikes are abrupt and recover rapidly.

5. Example: Otzi, the Iceman has been dated to 5,300 years before present. Using the conversion curve, this would convert to 1900 B.C., which would mean that Otzi and Abraham were contemporaries. Otzi’s DNA clearly places him in the category of modern man.

6. Neanderthal fossils carbon-date to over 28,000 years or more. Converting the Neanderthal carbon dates to Biblical dates we can see that they all died in the flood.

References:

1.http://web.science.uu.nl/AMS/Radiocarbon.htm

2 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007JC004095

3.https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g63l6/are_98_of_the_atoms_in_the_human_body_replaced/

4.https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110808-ancient-insects-bugs-giants-oxygen-animals-science/

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