Fertile Crescent, Nimrod, and Confusion of Language – Human Migration

Creation, Migration, Noah's flood, origins

Overview

At Genesis and Genetics, we take secular science findings and use them to defend the Bible. In the case of the fertile crescent archaeology, we have found the following concerning human migration, Nimrod, and the confusion of tongues:

Early Human Migration

Starting with the Bible, we see that early human migration began when Noah’s Ark landed in the mountains of Armenia. Here is what happened after they left the Ark:

* Noah planted a vineyard. The oldest vineyards in the world are in ancient Armenia, as documented in our former blog Noah’s wine country.

* As Noah’s offspring spread out, they settled in the fertile crescent. This was before the migration into the “Land of Shinar.” The reason for this is that the Land of ShinarEarly migration (Lower Mesopotamia) was underwater. Presently, much of Lower Mesopotamia is less than 60 feet above sea level. For instance, presently the elevation of Babylon is 7 feet, Ur is 59 feet, Uruk is 52 feet, and Eridu is 23 feet.

* A portion of the fertile crescent is to the East of the Land of Shinar in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. According to the Bible, those who settled in the Land of Shinar “came from the East.” This means that only a portion of Noah’s offspring settled in the Land of Shinar. The Bible says that those who settled in the Land of Shinar wanted to “make a name for themselves.” If they were the only civilization on the earth, they wouldn’t have to make a name for themselves.

The Rise of Nimrod (Enmerkar)

* Shortly after the arrival in the Land of Shinar (Sumer), a sophisticated society began, and an Empire arose from the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech). This empire spread out into the fertile crescent.  The secular archaeologists refer to it as the Uruk Expansion. The Emperor/ruler/king was a man called Enmerkar. He is a prime candidate, and our pick, for the Biblical Nimrod.

* Enmerkar enjoyed great success until the language was confused. There are many historical references to the confusion of language, and in the “legend of Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta,” Enmerkar is blamed for the confusion of tongues.

The Fall of Nimrod

* Enmerkar (Nimrod) lost his empire due to the confusion of tongues. He lost his ability to communicate with his outposts, trade partners, and clans in the empire.

* Enmerkar was credited for being the first to use written language. Written language arose quickly after the Uruk Empire collapsed. Possibly, Enmerkar attempted to restore his empire by introducing writing and using it and scribes to restore the empire. But it didn’t work. Shortly after the collapse of the Uruk empire, the dynastic period began. Each language group had a king. The confusion of tongues accomplished God’s purpose in that it divided the people.

* Enmerkar (Nimrod) was shamed and fell into obscurity.

Biblical Narrative

Disembarkation

Noah and his family disembarked in ancient Armenia. Modern archeology tells us that the most ancient vineyards are in ancient Armenia. This is also the point of origin of most domestic grapes. So, all humanity and domestic grapes migrated from ancient Armenia (Noah’s Wine Country), consistent with the Bible.

Early migration

As Noah’s children multiplied, they sought new lands and adventure. Some migrated North and East to Asia, and some migrated South to the fertile crescent, including Egypt. At this time, the waters were still receding from the flood, and lower Mesopotamia (the Land of Shinar) was still underwater. As the waters receded, those in the fertile crescent East of the Land of Shinar moved into the rich alluvial plain, which became Sumer and Akkad.

Genesis 11:2  And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 

Confusion of Language

They wanted to do two things, first, make a name for themselves, and two, they wanted to disobey the command of God to scatter, i.e., migrate. If they continued with their goals, God would lose the hope of having a people unto Himself; a one-world government would be risky in that there would be a loss of freedom of choice. God decided to stop the Enmerkar empire and did the following:

Genesis

11:6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. 

11:7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.

11:8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.

One mind one language – Nimrod -Emperor

The entire population of the world spoke one language and were of one mind. In the land of Sumer, there arose a mighty person who built the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech) and formed an empire. Because the people were of one mind, he had little trouble forming this empire without bloodshed. It was a sophisticated society with farming, the wheel, chariots, government, toilets, septic tanks, geometry, the “Roman” arch, irrigation, think tanks, and beer. The Empire planted outposts near trading partners, and everything was booming. Here are the scriptures about Nimrod (Enmerkar):

Genesis

10:8 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.

10:9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.

10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. ‘

10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah,

10:12 And Resen between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.

Timeframe

These scriptures vividly point to the making of an empire with Nimrod as the emperor. Everything fits with the Bible except the carbon 14 dates. However, the secular carbon dates assume there was no flood. If the dates are corrected for flood effects, it all comes together. Here is our date assessment using the Flood Effects on Radio-Carbon Dating corrected dates.

Event                                               Corrected dates                                    Secular dates

The flood                                          2348 BC (Bible)                                   Didn’t happen

Oldest vineyard                              2150 BC                                                  6100 BC

Death of Noah                                 1998 BC                                                  He didn’t exist

Uruk Expansion Start                    1996 BC                                                  3700 BC

Confusion of Tongues                   1908 BC                                                  3000 BC

Jemdat Nassr period                      1930 BC -1892 BC                              3150 BC – 2900 BC
(transition period
Between the Uruk empire
and the dynastic era)

First writing                                          1908 BC                                                  3000 BC

Beginning of                                         1892 BC                                                  2900 BC
Dynastic Period
(End of Uruk Empire)

The obvious question is, “where was Noah when all this happened?” Notice in the above dates that the Uruk expansion did not start until Noah died. This makes sense in that Noah must have been considered an important influence on society, and maybe the Uruk expansion, which included the building of the Tower of Babel, could not have happened if Noah were alive.

Conclusion:

Noah’s offspring migrated from the vineyard in all directions, but many settled in the Fertile Crescent. As the waters abated, those from the Eastern portion of the fertile crescent settled in the Biblical “Land of Shinar” (Mesopotamia). From the Land of Shinar, there arose a powerful man, Nimrod/Enmerkar, who built the city of Uruk (Erech) and from that city arose the Uruk/Erech empire. The empire spread to much of the ancient world, but the confusion of languages caused the empire to topple. The emperor attempted to keep the empire intact by using an invention, writing; however, it didn’t work, and the empire collapsed, ushering in the dynastic period. The dynastic period stopped globalization, and nations began to form.

References:

1. The Bible

2. Noah’s Wine Country

3. Radio Carbon Date Calculator

4. The Uruk World System The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, by Algaze Guillermo

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Eve’s DNA

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration, origins, Y-chromosomes

Eve’s DNA was perfect

Eve in the garden original art by HH 2021

The account of Eve is an interesting and important segment of our genetic history. The Bible says that God put Adam into a deep sleep, took one of Adam’s ribs, and made a woman (Genesis 2:21-22). Adam named her Eve and proclaimed that she was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24). Eve’s DNA, like Adam’s, was perfect. It was without mutations and immortal.

Eve’s DNA and science

So, how does modern science line up with this account? First of all, does the man’s rib contain enough genetic information to make a woman? The answer is “yes,” Adam’s ribs contained all the necessary genetic information to make Eve. However, it is interesting to note that if the first human were a woman, her rib would not contain enough information to make a man. This is because women do not have the y-chromosome. So, if the Bible stated that God created a woman first and then a man from her rib, the Bible would be in error; but, the Bible got it right and stands true. This all seems elementary to us now, but remember that the scriptures are much older than our knowledge of DNA.

Adam and Eve were near-identical twins

It follows, from both a Biblical and genetic perspective, that Eve was Adam’s feminine identical twin. When Adam said that Eve was “bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh” (Genesis 2:23-24), he was confirming this point. Is this possible? Can there be male/female identical twins? Yes, it is possible: if a geneticist takes two identical twin embryos and genetically engineers them so one has two X chromosomes and the other has one X and one Y chromosome, the resulting two humans will be identical male/female twins. Although rare, there are natural occurrences of male/female identical twins. For further information on this, just do an internet search on “male/female identical twins.”

Eve’s children

A common question to this notion of Adam and Eve being identical male/female twins is: “If Adam and Eve were identical twins, wouldn’t all their children also be identical to Adam and/or Eve?” The answer to this question is “No.” Adam and Eve were identical twins and they each had two copies of every gene. Due to a biological process called “meiosis,” these genes were shuffled differently for each of their children, and that fact coupled with epigenetic effects results in the chances of a child having identical DNA to Adam or Eve being infinitely small. This process of meiosis is easily understood, just search on “meiosis” and you will find many videos and detailed explanations.

Sin and mutations

When Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, they sinned and reaped the penalty of sin. They became mortal and subject to genetic mutations. These mutations cause disease, deformities, and death, but they allow us to track our heritage. It is the consensus of both creation and secular scientists that all humans presently on earth come from one woman: “Eve” (creationists) and “Mitochondrial Eve” (secular scientists).

Genesis 3:20  And Adam called his wife’s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.

Summary

In conclusion, Eve’s creation and genetic composition provide a fascinating bit of our human history that helps us understand our origins. It also demonstrates the convergence of modern science with the Biblical scriptures.

Here are some related articles if interested.

Adam’s DNA

Adam’s Rib

Genesis Chapter 1 and 2

 

Adam’s DNA

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, origins, Y-chromosomes

Adam’s DNA was perfect.

According to the Bible, God created Adam approximately 6000 years ago. His body was perfect and not destined to die; he was immortal. But we are not like Adam. We are mortal and subject to imperfections and disease. Why? The answer is simple: When sin entered the world our bodies began collecting DNA mutations. Fortunately, we hope someday to enjoy our original day-6 DNA: perfect and immortal.

Let’s look at what the Bible says:

Genesis 1:31  And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. 

Genesis 2:7  And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. (KJV)

Science and Adam’s DNA

Adam became a living soul, the first living soul, which means Adam necessarily had all of the human genetic variations in his DNA. Everyone, including Eve, came from Adam’s DNA. Modern science has proclaimed that all Y-chromosomes came from one man. We call Him Adam, and secular science calls him Y-chromosome Adam. Modern science also declares that all humanity came from one woman. We call her Eve, and secular science calls her mitochondrial Eve; however, since Eve came from Adam, we all came from Adam. The point is that the Biblical version of human origins is scientifically in tune with the Bible.

(Note: If the Bible had proclaimed that the first human was a woman, the Bible would be in error, women do not have the y-chromosome.)

Humans have approximately 22,000 genes, and combinations of these genes give us variation in physical appearances, such as eye color, nose shape, foot size, etc. These genes also affect our abilities and personality. Since Adam embodied two forms of each gene, he, Adam, provided all human genetic diversity. Two forms of each gene coupled with epigenetics would allow Adam’s genome to produce an infinite number of unique humans.

We are Adam

Because we all share Adam’s DNA, the Bible calls us all, collectively, “Adam.” Please read this scripture very carefully; the keywords here are “them” and “their:”

Genesis 5:2  Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created. (KJV)

So, God called their name Adam; we are Adam. When Adam sinned, he became corruptible and took on a sinful nature. Since Adam embodied all humanity, we all went down with him and took on his sinful nature. This sin nature causes corruption of our genes in the form of mutations. Today, every generation has approximately 100 more genetic mutations than the previous generation. These mutations can result in deformation, disorders, and disease; genetic mutations are never good, and we rightly call them “mutations.” Our mutation accumulation is discouraging, but we have the promise that in the twinkling of an eye, our DNA will return to its day-6 splendor. This is good news; this is the Gospel.

 Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed,

 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.

For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. (KJV  I Corinthians 15:51-53 )

Our Future

My dear friends and children, our future is very bright: We are Adam and have the hope of redemption and obtaining our original, day-six DNA. Our bodies will be perfect. We will be in the Kingdom of God, no longer mortal and no longer sinful.

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Adam’s Rib

Biology, Creation, DNA, Genetics, Migration

God Creates Eve

The Bible is the basis for all science. Consider the Biblical account of the creation of Eve by use of Adam’s rib.

Genesis 2:21 -22 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. (ESV)

This is an interesting scripture. Adam was formed first from the earth, then Eve was made from Adam’s rib.

Human Ribs Regenerate

I recently read an article about a man who was in a serious automobile accident; he lived but required many reconstruction surgeries on his face and cranium. He noticed that the doctor was using rib material for the reconstruction, and it appeared that the doctor kept using the same rib. Before one surgery the man asked the doctor when would he have to start using a different rib. The surgeon told him that it wouldn’t be necessary since human ribs regenerate.

This seemed amazing, so I checked it out. It is true, PubMedID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7332200/ documents 12 patients that were subject to cranioplasty surgery using their human ribs to rebuild cranium bone damage. Forty-two pieces of rib, an average length of 13 cm were removed to rebuild the cranium. All 12 patients “had solid protection of the brain” and “complete regeneration of the donor rib.”

Adam was Restored to Perfection

The rib is the only human bone that regenerates. Isn’t it lucky the Bible picked the right bone? No, actually, it wasn’t luck, God designed it that way and the Bible is the Word of God.

The fact that the rib regenerates supports another scripture:

Genesis 1:31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day. (KJV)

If Adam would have had a missing rib, the creation wouldn’t be “very good,” but it would be blemished. However, we now know that Adam was totally restored to the “very good” condition; science confirms what has been in Genesis all along.

The Bible Got it Right

Here is another significant scientific fact concerning the creation of Eve. Adam, being a human male, had one X and one Y chromosome; Eve had two Xs. This may be a small point, but it shows that all the genetic information required to create Eve was in Adam. So, Eve could be taken from Adam, but Adam could not be taken from Eve. The Bible stands, pure.

If scientists considered the Bible as a scientific source, we wouldn’t waste so much time and resources. We are finding that the Bible accurately describes dark mass and energy, genetics, zoology, geology, paleontology, linguistics, and physics. The Bible has stood, stands, and will stand forever.

Post Note: It is a myth that women have fewer ribs than men.

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Intelligence: It’s Everywhere; it’s Everywhere

Biology, Creation, Quantum mechanics

Modern science proclaims that the universe came from nothing. Then time, physical laws, cosmological constants, quantum waves, atoms, and life appeared accidentally without intelligence or purpose.

On the other hand, the Bible proclaims that everything came from divine intelligence and that God spoke all things into existence. If indeed, all things were spoken into existence, it follows that all things have the inherent intelligence of God. So, let’s consider some components of the universe, looking for inherent intelligence:

Birds

Birds know how to build nests, avoid danger, how to fly, and how to sing. This intelligence is built-in. It is not learned because we know that birds have this intelligence even when their eggs are incubated.

Trees

Trees are interesting, they have no brains, no legs, no arms, but they survive and flourish nicely. They know how to get sap to their top leaves in the spring and when to have the sap go underground in the winter. The trees know how to self-assemble from a seed to a majestic tree automatically. They know where to put out leaves, where to grow bark, how to reproduce after their kind, and how to turn inorganic material into organic material. The intelligence is built-in.

Butterflies

Butterfly
Twice automatic self-assembled butterfly

Butterflies never cease to amaze the scientific community. They self-assemble twice, once from egg to worm, then they dissolve their protein and self-assemble again to form a winged butterfly. The Monarch Butterfly migrates from Mexico to Canada and returns to a small area of Mexico. The journey takes 3 to 4 generations of butterflies, yet they know how to get back to that small area in Mexico. Their intelligence amazes us all.

Bacteria

Bacteria have no brains; they are generally single-celled creatures. However, they have built-in intelligence. They know how to cut and paste DNA, how to recognize enemies, how to kill enemies, how to change their DNA to suit their needs, and how to store information. No brains, yet great intelligence.

Viruses

Viruses have no brains, yet they are not only intelligent but crafty as well. They have no reproductive systems, yet they know how to get others to reproduce for them. Viruses enter host cells by trickery and then inject their RNA so that the host cell will use its reproductive machinery to build virus parts. These virus parts automatically self-assemble into clones of the original viruses. Wow, that is intelligence.

Quantum Particles and Atoms

Quantum particles have a dual personality; they can be either a wave or a particle. They have no brains yet play hide and seek with researchers. The quantum waves/particles never lose. It has also been shown that since atoms are made from quantum particles, atoms also have dual personalities. Quantum waves/particles also share information because they have properties of “entanglement.” This entanglement is not limited to just two particles, it also can affect groups of particles. The present writer has concluded that the entire universe is entangled. The collective entanglement makes everything work.

Rocks

How can rocks have intelligence? That is simple; rocks are made from atoms which are made from quantum particles. You may have heard the expression “written in stone.” Now we know that rocks and stones can store data, not just by carving words in them but they can also store much data like a quantum computer. Jesus understood rocks and said that rocks had the ability to call out and praise Him, their creator.

Humans

Humans have brains in two places: (1) in the head and (2) in the torso. So, humans obviously have intelligence. However, humans also have intelligence that is not obvious. During a research project at the Texas Heart Institute, researchers emptied a defective human heart of everything but the exterior structure. Then they filled the structure with stem cells. To their amazement, the stem cells became the missing structures and appeared to reconstruct the human heart. When the heart was filled with fluid, it began to beat!

The human stem cells appeared to know what to become depending on their position in the heart. Also, the human rib, when removed, will automatically rebuild itself. The heart and the rib know how to rebuild themselves. This should not surprise us since we know that a single cell called the human fertilized egg, has the intrinsic intelligence to automatically construct a fully viable human in 9 months. A mature human has more than 40 trillion cells, each automatically assembled working in unison with the other 40 trillion cells to produce a human body.

Summary

Intelligence is everywhere. It is built into everything. Scientists are constantly amazed at nature, but can’t consider inherent divine intelligence for reasons of money, grants, acceptance, and peer pressure. That’s a shame. The more science progresses, the more that we see intelligence everywhere in everything.

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Big Bang and the Bible

Cosmology, Creation, origins, Quantum mechanics, Young earth
Big Bang
Big Bang

Recent discoveries in cosmology have resulted in the ‘big bang’ theory. Some pieces of the theory are clear, and some pieces are problematic. The clear pieces are in tune with the Bible, and the rest are not. Here is what is clear and in tune with the Bible. (1) The universe had a beginning, (2) The universe is expanding, (3) The expansion of the universe is accelerating,   and (4) The universe is magnificent and huge (at least as big as the event horizon). These four points have reached consensus in both Biblical and modern science circles.

Big Bang – Background

One could say that the Bible is the origin of the big bang concept. The Bible documents that our universe had a beginning and that God created it and stretched it out. (Genesis 1:1, Isaiah 45:12, et al.) Then in 1929, Edwin Hubble proved that the universe is, indeed, expanding. His discovery solved one mystery of cosmology. Cosmologists did not know if the universe was expanding, contracting, or static. Cosmology was doing well, and the term “big bang theory” arose in the late 1940s. There were several unanswered questions, but they were making progress. One question continued to plague them: From where did the energy, laws of physics, and cosmological constants come?

Big Bang confusion

Then in 1998, two cosmology research projects discovered that the universe was expanding at an accelerated rate. This discovery changed cosmology forever. The acceleration of the expanding universe meant that there had to be some large force driving the expansion or some large mass outside the universe giving everything a gravitational force outward. Scientists coined the terms ‘dark force’ and ‘dark energy’ to explain the accelerated expansion, but no one knows anything about dark energy and matter. They know that something is causing the universe to expand at an accelerated rate. This expansion was an inconvenient surprise.

Modern Cosmology

Here is a summary of some of the primary ‘big bang theory’ problems facing modern cosmology:

Everything from Nothing

From where did all the energy come to fuel the big bang? How did everything come from nothing? Having everything come from nothing defies all scientific laws and common sense. Many proposed solutions to this problem require adopting the concept of the universe being a temporal happening in an eternal system. It is the only possibility and confirms one more portion of the Biblical creation.

Space Creation

The big bang is an expansion of a singularity. Singularities, by definition, dwell in infinitely small spaces, so from where did all the space come? Quantum physics has shown us space is very complicated. So, did it evolve instantaneously?

Creation of time

Time doesn’t exist in singularities. So, what created the concept of time, and what started it going?

Basic Building Blocks of the Universe

How did all the quarks, leptons, and bosons evolve and self-assemble within a billionth of a second? These basic building blocks of the universe each have precise mass, charge, spin, and color, all of which are fine-tuned to perform their function in making the universe useful and beautiful. They also have a dual personality, primarily a wave but can also exist as particles. They are complex to the extreme. Scientists cannot understand how they work, much less create one. So, how could they evolve by chance uniformly and intricately in a billionth of a second without intelligence?

Physical Laws and Constants

How did the fundamental physical constants and laws of physics miraculously evolve in a trillionth of a second? They are perfectly in tune with one another, allowing our universe and us to exist.

Dark Stuff

Dark matter and dark energy were conceived when the redshift verified that the universe was expanding and accelerating its expansion. The problem is that no one understands anything about them. Scientists are not even sure they exist. All that is known is that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate. If dark matter and energy exist, they make up 95 percent of the universe. Wow!

Orderly

Another competing issue for the greatest mystery of cosmology concerns entropy, the measure of order. The question is, how did the big bang start with such high order? From where did the order come? One would think that the big bang started with disorder, but it didn’t.

Vacuum Energy

Then we have the puzzling cosmological constant, which measures how much energy there is in a vacuum. This constant is in fierce debate. The cosmologists have their number, and quantum physicists have their number. Who is right? They are very different numbers. These two values differ by 10 to the 120th. In other words, they are off by 10 with 120 zeros behind the 10. This difference is embarrassing, but it shows a tremendous lack of understanding of space. Please note that those in quantum physics have an outstanding record of being right, and their number may be correct.

Dimensions of Space

There is also debate on the number of dimensions defining space. Some say three, some say 10, some 26, and some say many. No one knows.

Spatial Inflation – Fudge Factor

Many of those who accept the present big bang model embrace spatial inflation. Spatial inflation is the sudden stretching out of space to justify happenings faster than the speed of light. Some physicists do not accept spatial inflation and call it a fudge factor. A fudge factor is what scientists invent to make things fit the theory. S Most physicists contend that the speed of light is the speed limit in the universe. But we know things travel faster than the speed of light, so the spatial inflation notion solves this problem; space inflates rapidly, stretching out space and the light within it. But the problem is, what turns spatial inflation on and off? What orchestrates it? Cosmologists use spatial inflation to make their timeline work. The observed universe is 92 billion light-years in diameter, but they say it happened 14 billion years ago. Something is wrong.

Matter/Antimatter

Then another big problem in cosmology is the lack of antimatter. According to findings in the colliders, you cannot produce matter without antimatter. So, the question becomes: what happened to the antimatter during the big bang? When matter and antimatter coexist, they annihilate one another. Scientists admit that unless something separated the matter from the antimatter, the universe could not exist.

Gravity

One more significant problem is gravity. Why is there gravity, and from where does it come? Is it a particle, or is it curved space?

Biblical cosmology

As said before, the Bible agrees with (1) the universe had a beginning, (2) the universe is expanding, or as the Bible says, the heavens are being stretched, and (3) the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate, and (4) the universe is enormous and magnificent. The big difference between the Bible and cosmology is time. Cosmologists say the universe is 13.8 billion years old, and the Bible says it is approximately 6000 years old. This time difference is considerable. Time dilatation or spatial inflation may explain the difference.

The Bible says that a Divine Creator spoke all things into existence. The Biblical narrative is consistent with modern quantum physics, which proclaims the basic building blocks of the universe are, in fact, waves, quantum waves. It appears that in the beginning, everything was ‘null and void,’ and the first thing created was light. At the end of the first day, God called it a day; therefore, it appears that God created time in the beginning. The Bible clearly states in Genesis chapter 1 that God created all things in six days. The Bible does not treat the creation as miracles; it simply records the creator’s handiwork.

Miracles

Presently, miracles dominate the big bang theory. Cosmologists theorize that everything miraculously came from nothing. A singularity with miraculous entropy miraculously evolved into our laws of physics, cosmological constants, time, space, and quantum particles in less than one billionth of a second. Then, miraculously, multi-dimensioned space was put in place, and some miraculous force stretched out the universe, miraculously separating matter from antimatter. Miraculously, in less than one trillionth of a second, spatial inflation appeared and was miraculously orchestrated so everything would unfold and not be limited to the speed of light.

The current modern cosmology depends on more miracles than science. They understand very little, including how time and space work, but they are sure that space was created in a time of 13.8 billion years. The present writer is confident that the 13.8 billion years will change drastically to match the Biblical time.

Summary

Modern cosmology is converging with the Bible because of better telescopes. The “big bang” and the “big creation” models are closer than ever. The Bible is the fundamental book of science, and its proclamations are testable. The present writer has concluded that when modern science solves the problems stated above, the Bible will stand as the Bible of cosmology.

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The First Law of Cosmology

Cosmology, Creation

One mystery solved

Night stars
Stars:  Original art by LL 2022

Until the 1920s, cosmologists wondered if the universe was collapsing, expanding, or static. Then came the answer, it was expanding. The mystery was solved. It became clear that the universe had a beginning and a single point of origin. This finding resulted in a theory called the “big bang.” The “big bang” theory gained traction but added questions that could not be explained. The biggest mystery was: from where did all the energy and mass come?

More confusion than answers

Then, in 1998, cosmologists found that not only was the universe expanding, but it was doing so at an accelerated rate. This discovery forever changed cosmology. The terms dark energy and dark mass were coined in an attempt to explain the accelerated expansion. Cosmologists estimate that 95 percent of our universe is either dark energy or dark matter. But they don’t know what the “dark stuff” is, how it works, where it came from, or even if it exists. Modern cosmology is confused.

The first law of cosmology

Because of the confusion, there are no laws of cosmology that have gained consensus. Therefore, we propose the following law of cosmology, the first law of cosmology:

Our Universe is a temporal

happening in an eternal system

Cosmology is the scientific study of the origin and development of the universe. This proposed law encapsulates all scientific evidence and common sense concerning the origin and resulting development of the universe.

Chasing eternity

After having dealt with the big bang problems, many scientists are proposing origin models which consider infinite universes, bubbles in nothingness, previous big bangs, etc. All these mechanisms, when traced back and back and back, end with the concept of eternal. We know our universe exists, and if we continue to chase its origin back and back and back, we have no choice other than to accept an eternal system.

Benefits of the first law of cosmology

Our proposed law of cosmology allows scientists to put aside questions that are impossible to answer. For instance, (1) how to get something from nothing and (2) why is there anything at all. Attempting to answer these questions without eternal concepts may be fun but does not advance science. There are so many pertinent questions to examine that can benefit society such as (1) How much energy is in a quantum vacuum? (2) What is the mechanism for gravity, (3) How to connect cosmology with quantum mechanics, and (4) How to examine dark matter and energy?

Philosophical comment:

When the big bang hypothesis was being introduced, there were those saying it would give credibility to the Bible. And it is true it does give credibility to the Bible. And it is true that our proposed law gives additional trustworthiness to the Bible. But why would anyone not want to credit the Bible when credit is due? The Bible has a great record of accuracy in all the sciences. Since the Bible has such a good record of being the fundamental book of science, why not use it? Galileo did. Newton did. Faraday did. Max Planck did. Gauss did. Euler did. Linnæus did and many, many others did. The Bible did not hamper their great scientists and mathematicians. It inspired them.

Biblical Cosmology

Ancient cosmos

The Bible has always stated that our earth and universe are temporal creations in an eternal system. This notion is now being reluctantly accepted by many scientists. However, those scientists that are atheistic ask the question: Who created the Creator? Good question. From where did God come? The world has a history of many gods, Sumerian gods, Greek gods, Roman gods, Hindu gods, etc. Humans created all these gods. The present writer comfortably states that all human-created gods are false gods, created by our imaginations and needs. They only exist in our minds. However, there is one God, the God of the Bible, who clearly states He had no beginning and no end, and that He is eternal. What a proclamation! To be a true God, one must be eternal, omniscient, and omnipotent. Otherwise, there necessarily is someone higher, older, or smarter.

The concept of eternal is very difficult to grasp. We, humans, see birds die, trees wither, our ancestors pass away, and fire burns living things into ashes. Babies are born, mighty oaks sprout from seed, and wildflowers bloom in the spring. We are immersed in beginnings and ends. It is difficult for us to comprehend things without a beginning or end.

Here is the logic to understand things eternal. Let’s start with our Creator God of the Bible; from where did He come? Did He come from an older god? If so, from where did the older god come? An older god? He had to come from somewhere. And the older, older god, from where did he come? If you follow this logic, you chase gods until you find eternity and a single God. Since the Bible is the only credible book that discusses eternal matters, why not consider it? There are no other possibilities; all the evidence points to an eternal system.

Summary

It is time for modern cosmologists to acknowledge that we live in a temporal universe in an eternal system. We propose this as the first law of cosmology; reflects all scientific evidence and common sense. It is also in tune with the Bible.

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The Voice of God is the Basis of Everything

Biology, Cosmology, Creation, Quantum mechanics

Background

Quantum waveform
Graphic representation of an atom in the form of a quantum wave.

Since the beginning of time, humans have sought to find the most basic building blocks of our natural existence. And now they have found them. They are called quantum waves. So, are we just a collection of waves? Yes, we are. But these waves are remarkable. They have a dual personality in that they can convert to particles when they choose. So, when do they choose? Apparently, it is when someone is looking at them. Two major themes of quantum physics are called “particle duality” and the “collapse of the waveform.” These two themes are precisely in tune with the Bible that the voice of God created everything. The figure above is a graphic representation of an atom in the form of a quantum wave.

Duality and Collapse of the Waveform

Interestingly, there is no debate in quantum physics concerning the existence of “particle duality” and “collapse of the waveform.” The debates center on How? And why? In addition, the biggest question is how does the waveform know when someone is looking? Anyone who can answer any of these questions will surely win a Nobel Prize.

A Bit of Mathematics

One can model a human voice mathematically by the expression e^kt where e is 2.718 (base of the natural logarithm), k is an imaginary number, and t is time. Amazingly, we now know that the function e^kt can describe everything in the universe since everything is a wave. Thousands of years ago the Bible proclaimed that God spoke the creation into existence.

Science Converging with the Bible

Finding quantum waves/particles has again shown the Bible as the basal book of science. The Bible says that God’s Word created all things. This proclamation is in tune with modern quantum science. Here are three scientific findings that are in tune with the Biblical narrative concerning how God created all things:

(1.) Einstein’s famous equation states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. His equation shows that energy can be converted to mass, or mass can be converted to energy. And this is what the Bible says: God converted his voice (energy) into mass (the creation).

(2.) Quantum physics tells us that quantum waves create everything we see. God’s voice produced waves that have the ability to become quantum particles. These waves continue to vibrate forever. A guitar string, when plucked, quits making a sound after a few seconds because of friction in the air, and the guitar frets. The quantum waves never die out because they are too small to be affected by friction. One might say they are eternal. Therefore, God’s Word and voice are the same.

(3.) The quantum waves collapse when looked at and become particles. These particles are called quarks, leptons, and bosons. There are 17 of them identified so far. They all have dual personalities and work in unison to produce us and our universe. All atoms are made from quarks, leptons, and bosons.

Waveform Collapse – Example

Here is an example of a waveform collapse. Consider a light wave. It is invisible. However, when it enters your eye and hits your retina, it collapses, and your eye detects the particle: the photon. If it didn’t collapse into a photon, life could not exist. First, we would all be blind, and second, photosynthesis could not occur.

Do it yourself – Collapse of the Waveform

Here is a way you can prove the waveform collapses into particles. Look at the stars or the moon with a friend. You can see their light. Then look at your friend’s eyes and notice that you cannot see anything entering their eyes, but it does enter the eye and transforms itself into a photon, a particle. This simple experiment shows that we cannot see light waves, but we can see photons.

Particles or Waves

The quantum wave/particles are understandably bizarre. Nonetheless, scientists have a unanimous consensus that quantum particles have two forms: waves and particles. Many experiments have proved this duality, but the double-slit experiment is the most famous. It has been repeated many times and always gives the same results. The basic idea is to take quantum particles and fire them at a screen. The result is a scattering of points. Then you fire them through a narrow slit and notice they form discreet points in the shape of the slit. Next, we fire the particles through two slits with a gap in-between. This time the result is a wave pattern. So, are the quantum particles waves or particles, or both? They are both. This chickadee in the above photo is a product of quantum waves that expressed themselves as particles.

Hide and Seek

The double-slit experiment began a long hide-and-seek game, scientists vs. supposedly brainless quantum waves/particles. When they found that a single particle could go through both slits at the same time, they wondered how something could be in two places at once. Consequently, they put detectors behind each of the slits. When they did so, they found that only particles came through only one slit. They were confused. So, someone suggested let’s unplug the detectors, and voila, they got the wave pattern. I suspect that every quantum physics department in the world has repeated this experiment. The results are always the same. They concluded that when you look at the waves, they become particles. As a result, an obvious question beckons an answer: How can the wave particles do what they do without intelligence. It takes intelligence to play hide-and-seek. Therefore, it appears that the quantum waves respond to consciousness. The double-slit experiment may be one of the biggest mysteries in science, but not so in the Biblical exegesis.

The Voice of God – Eternal

Generally, we consider someone’s voice as something temporary, but their word can be more permanent. For example, what someone says dies out, but it may be recorded on a disk, written on paper, or committed to memory. What is written or recorded becomes somewhat permanet. It is different from the Voice and Word of God. God’s voice and His word are the same. They are both eternal. They never die.

John 1:1  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 

John 1:2  The same was in the beginning with God. 

John 1:3  All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 

and

Matthew 24:35  Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. (These words are in red since they are the words of Jesus.)

So, we should all agree that the Bible and quantum physics are in tune with one another.

The Voice of God is Powerful -Quantum Vacuum

Consider a cubic inch of space anywhere in the universe. Extract any gas or mass from it, and this is what is called a quantum vacuum. It would appear that this cubic inch of vacuum has nothing in it. but that is a wrong assumption. This quantum vacuum has 17 wave fields in it.  These quantum wave fields have energy. Scientists knew that the vacuum contained energy, but they didn’t know how much. Cosmologists estimated its value. But, when the quantum physicists came along, they calculated that it had more energy than what was projected by the cosmologists; it was 10 to the 120 power more than that. So, the debate rages, and they differ by 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 plus another 60 zeros. The quantum physicists have an excellent record, so they may be correct. If interested in exploring this quantum vacuum energy, search on the “cosmological constant problem.”

Additional bits and pieces

Quantum waves/particles contain inherent intelligence, divine intelligence. These waves explain why Jesus, the Word, is omnipresent in our universe and why everything in our universe is filled with intelligence, i.e., omniscient. We know that viruses, bacteria, seeds, trees, animals, and humans are intelligent. Now we know why.

One of the quantum particle groups is called bosons. The bosons called gluons hold the positive charged protons together in the atom’s nucleus. Bosons also hold the electrons in place. The following scripture shows that the Word of God is manifest in the wave/particles called bosons.

Colossians 1:17  And he is before all things, and in him, all things hold together.

Conclusion

The voice of God is the basis of everything in the universe. His voice created the quantum waves, and these waves transform themselves into atomic particles when exposed to consciousness.

Scripture for ponderance:

John 1:14  And the Word was made flesh …

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Radiocarbon Dating with flood effects

Isotope dating, Noah's flood, Young earth

Radiocarbon dating calibrations

Radiocarbon dating has placed Neanderthals at 30,000+ years before present; extinct dire wolves have been dated to 10,000+ years before present, and coal has been dated to 20,000+ years before present. However, the Bible proclaims a young earth, approximately 6,000 years old. How can these differences be rectified? We, at Genesis and Genetics, have concluded that the carbon levels are generally correct, but the calibration is wrong. Secular science assumes no significant catastrophes such as Noah’s flood; however, if we consider the flood, we find that: Noah’s flood significantly influences radiocarbon dating.

Radiocarbon dating calibration correcting for Biblical flood

This paper offers the following radiocarbon dating conversion chart. This chart converts secular science carbon dates to Biblical dates. This chart assumes that (1) the Bible dates are correct, (2) a global catastrophic flood did happen, and (3) the secular radio-carbon values are correct. The following chart may be used to convert any secular science radiocarbon date to a Biblical date, or you can CLICK HERE to go to our Radiocarbon Dating Biblical Date Calculator.

Figure 1 requires the following points of explanation:

Later that 1000 B.C.

All dates more recent than approximately 1,000 B.C. are the same for the secular and Biblical calibrations.

The two spikes

Figure 1 shows two spikes. One is a  human-made spike caused by the atomic bomb testing of the 1940s and 1950s. The second spike is due to the global flood. They are similar in form, and both had temporary but significant effects on Carbon 14 amounts.

Before the flood

The amount of Carbon 14/12 ratio before the flood was constant. God created the world with everything stable and mature.

The flood

The Flood suddenly reduced Carbon 14/12 which explains how secular carbon dating is so different than Biblical. The year of the flood, 2348 B.C., the carbon 14/carbon12 ratio goes essentially to zero.

Several possibilites

For some secular dates, there can be several Biblical dates. For instance, consider 10,000 B.C., the Biblical calculator gives three possibilities: 3398 B.C., 2348 B.C., and 2250 B.C. The 3398 B.C. date would be someone who died before the flood and had his grave washed to a place where anthropologists could find it. The 2348 B.C. date would be someone who died in the flood, not at the onslaught, but several weeks or months later. They would have lived on one of the massive rafts of debris or in a boat other than the Ark. The 2250 B.C. date would apply to one who died 98 years after the flood.

Recovery period after the flood

The period between the flood and 1,000 B.C. was the flood-recovery period, which was also the ice age.

Bible Background

God told Noah that He would destroy the earth with a flood (Genesis 6:13). The flood was a catastrophe of Biblical proportions. The land surface was washed, damaged, and resurfaced as the rains came down. The atmosphere was washed clean by the torrents of rain. The oceans were stirred as the fountains of the deep opened and accompanied by earthquakes and volcanoes. All these happenings changed the carbon quantities of the atmosphere, the land, and the sea.

How we built the Conversion Chart

Radiocarbon dating is a function of the ratio of the amount of carbon-14 divided by the amount of carbon-12. Figure 2 provides a time history estimate of carbon 14/12 levels in our atmosphere. This estimate is based on the assumptions that the carbon 14/12 levels were constant before the flood, dipped to very low levels during the flood, and recovered to the levels we have now. The highlighted numbers in Figure 2 correspond to the explanatory notes.

Atmospheric carbon values can change quickly

Our world is continually balancing the amounts of carbon in the atmosphere, the oceans, and the soil, and this balance does not discriminate between carbon-12 and carbon-14, they mix homogeneously. Fortunately, we have data regarding sudden changes in carbon-14 levels and the atmosphere’s response to these sudden changes. There was a sudden injection of carbon 14 in the 1950s and 1960s during the atomic bomb tests, and these tests can help us understand the effects of sudden changes to carbon 14/12 levels. The nuclear testing caused the carbon 14 values to skyrocket in the atmosphere while the carbon 12 remained the same; carbon-14 levels doubled from the pre-atomic-testing values (Reference 1). Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5730 years and had it not been for the dry land and the oceans, it would have taken 10s of thousands of years to recover to the pre-atomic-testing levels, but, surprisingly, it recovered quickly, in just a few decades. The atmosphere recovered quickly due to the absorption of Carbon-14 into the land and sea. Figures 1 and 2 show this atomic testing carbon-14 “spike'”. This is a human-made spike, but the God-made “spike” can also be seen in both figures.

The deep oceans are deficient in carbon-14

Another point of evidence is that even today there are vast differences in the amount of carbon 14 in the various depths of water; for instance, right now, some of the deep ocean has water that carbon dates to 2400 years before present, and the average deep ocean water dates to 1400 years before present (Reference 2). Therefore, it is easy to conclude that the pre-flood deep oceans contained almost no carbon-14. Plus, this deep ocean water would mix with the “fountains of the deep” water which would contain no carbon-14 but much carbon-12.

The carbon-12 released by the earthquakes and volcanoes reduced the carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio

Since carbon dating uses the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12, the additional amount of carbon-12 would make the ratio smaller, which would also result in dates older than the true dates. Presently our atmosphere contains approximately 800 gigatons of carbon. This carbon comes from volcanoes and the photosynthesis of plants. Currently, we are having volcanoes that occasionally erupt, but also emit small amounts of carbon while dormant, but during Noah’s flood, there would be massive eruptions and fissures spewing large amounts of carbon. This carbon would be pure and carbon-14 free.

Our body replaces nearly 100 percent of its carbon annually. (Reference 3)

The Biblical narrative implies that many creatures did not die at the flood onset. It appears that there were huge rafts of debris, possibly hundreds of miles in breadth and thousands of feet in depth. Therefore, creatures, including humans, could have survived for weeks or even months on these rafts of debris. The longer a human, animal, or plant survived would significantly affect their amount of carbon-14/12. Much radiocarbon testing uses collagen, which is the body replaces rapidly.

The atmosphere was different before the flood

The fossil record documents enormous insects and mammals in ancient times. (Reference 4). Secular science had concluded that these giant insects could only have lived at a time when the oxygen levels in the atmosphere were 30 to 50 percent higher than what we currently have. This ancient atmosphere would, most probably, have reduced the production of carbon-14 simply because there would be less nitrogen available to convert to carbon-14. We consider the ancient atmosphere as that before the flood.

Summary

In summary, the global flood has a significant effect on carbon dating. The fountains of the deep opened, spewing out carbon-14-free water; the surface of the earth was covered with carbon-14-free silt; the massive volcanic eruptions flooded the atmosphere with carbon-12, and the carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio was reduced close to zero. Since carbon is replaced quickly in the body of living creatures, the exact time and circumstance of death affect the carbon dating results.

Takeaways from conversion chart

Here are some exciting takeaways we can collect from this chart in figure 1:

1. The “flood spike” of carbon 14/12 explains why secular scientists have concluded everything is older than the Biblical dates.

2. The Bible implies that all the creatures did not die until just a few months before the landing of the Ark; therefore, the carbon 14/12 ratio was changing rapidly in all living beings during this period. The resulting dates could vary by thousands of years. Looking at the chart in Figure 1, we can see a vertical line at the year 2348. During this single year, many humans, plants, and animals died. Some during the initial onslaught and some during the ten months or so while on rafts or boats. Each casualty reflected the carbon ratio at that time. Their bodies were rapidly replacing low carbon14 from the atmosphere and the food chain.

3. Any radiocarbon date more recent than 1000 B.C. is generally accurate no matter the calibration- secular or Biblical.

4. The chart shows two spikes, one from the atomic bombs and one from the flood. Both spikes are abrupt and recover rapidly.

5. Example: Otzi, the Iceman has been dated to 5,300 years before present. Using the conversion curve, this would convert to 1900 B.C., which would mean that Otzi and Abraham were contemporaries. Otzi’s DNA clearly places him in the category of modern man.

6. Neanderthal fossils carbon-date to over 28,000 years or more. Converting the Neanderthal carbon dates to Biblical dates we can see that they all died in the flood.

References:

1.http://web.science.uu.nl/AMS/Radiocarbon.htm

2 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007JC004095

3.https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g63l6/are_98_of_the_atoms_in_the_human_body_replaced/

4.https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110808-ancient-insects-bugs-giants-oxygen-animals-science/

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How much Neanderthal DNA do You Have?

Biology, DNA, Genetics, Human phylogenetics, Migration

DNA solved the mystery of Neanderthal

You have a lot of Neanderthal DNA. At least 99.5 percent of your DNA is identical to Neanderthal 1. Recent DNA sequencing reveals the truth of Neanderthal, and it is time to bury all our preconceived ideas about him.

We have been led to believe that Neanderthal is our ancient, hairy, brutish, ape-like, ignorant, slumped-over ancient cousin. And that he went extinct because he was inept. His DNA, however, is shouting out to us that this is not the case. He is 99.5 percent like us. This 99.5 percent similarity is not based on our opinion or analysis; it is based on published secular scientific papers. By the way, we present-day humans share this same amount of DNA, 99.5 percent, with one another 2. Whether you are European, African, Asian, American, or Australian, you are closely related to Neanderthal. The 0.5 percent that separates us from one another, and Neanderthal, lies in our genetic markers. *  These genetic markers provide humanity with natural variation.

What we know about Neanderthal

So, let’s follow the Neanderthal DNA and see where it takes us. Thanks to the work of many scientists, we now have more than mitochondrial DNA sequences 3. And thanks to several private laboratories, these DNA sequences are being translated into physical characteristics. Here are several examples of what is being discovered about Neanderthal:

Neanderthal is fully human

Neanderthal falls inside the variation of present-day human DNA 3 . Therefore, it would be difficult to conclude anything other than Neanderthal being fully human. He shares the status of “made in the image and likeness of God” (Genesis 1:26) with us.

Neanderthal had less hair than modern humans

Neanderthal had less hair on his back than many present-day humans. This characteristic is due to genetic marker rs4849721, which Neanderthal and some present-day humans share. If you have a T at this marker position, you probably have less back hair than average 4. Neanderthals have the T, which means they probably had less back hair than the average present-day human. Hmmm, so much for the hairy ape-man image.

Neanderthal and freckles

Neanderthals had freckles 5. People with light skin get freckles because they have less melanin, which causes uneven tanning. It appears that freckles are now in vogue. Some of our most famous movie stars have them. So, Neanderthals are not just human, but “in vogue” humans.

Neanderthal Complexion

Several Neanderthal DNA sequences have genes indicative of red hair 5 and blue eyes. That is not to say that all Neanderthal had red hair and blue eyes, but, at least, some had these characteristics. By now, hopefully, you can see that at least some Neanderthals would look like someone you would bump into at a St. Patrick’s Day celebration.

Neanderthal Speech

Neanderthal shares the FOXP2 gene 6 with us, indicating that he was capable of complex speech just as we are. Also, it is generally accepted that Neanderthal had a larger brain 7 than present-day man. So, perhaps he was more articulate than we are.

Neanderthal strength and energy

Although Neanderthals share 99.5 percent of our total DNA, they share only 98.7 percent of our mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This difference in mitochondrial DNA is interesting and can be explained. Mitochondrial DNA is a primary contributor to our energy, strength, and length of life. The fact that Neanderthal mtDNA differs from us by 1.3 percent fits the fossil evidence nicely. Neanderthal fossils indicate them having better muscle tone, more strength, and better bone structure than we have. In short, he was buff. Also, some mature Neanderthals had a prominent brow ridge indicative of them living long lives 8.

Neanderthal complex relationships

Neanderthals, in general, have less genetic diversity than we have; however, researchers are finding little or no evidence of incest 9. This, in my opinion, signifies that Neanderthal had complex relationship structures, as do we. Maybe he came calling with a bouquet of flowers, a box of chocolates, and an articulate, witty proposal.

Neanderthal was not an ape-man

According to DNA, Neanderthal is 99.5 percent like you. He was not a hairy, ignorant, inept ape-man. He was human, created in the image of God just like you. So, the obvious question is, where does Neanderthal fit into the chronicles of human history? We have concluded that he is the Biblical pre-flood human (click here).

Commentary Note: You may have heard that some geneticists proclaim that we have only a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. Some say 2-4 percent, some say 0 percent, and some say 20 percent. These claims come from the same scientific community that says we share 99.5 percent of our DNA with Neanderthals. Why this huge conflict? Suffice it to say, the 99.5 percent is correct, and the lower numbers are contrived to justify the “out of Africa” and evolutionary hypotheses. To demonstrate this point, ask yourself how we can share only 2-4 percent with Neanderthal and 50 percent of our DNA with the banana? It depends on what data is used for analysis and how one interprets it. The DNA sequences are available to the public and can be verified and viewed by anyone.

Summary

Neanderthals were all human and, in many ways, superior to modern-day humans. They fit perfectly into human history as being  pre-flood i.e., antediluvian humans.

New details on Neanderthal are emerging every day, as are Neanderthal’s physical appearance reconstructions. We will keep you posted:

* Genetic markers – Single Nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites, short tandem repeats, et. al.

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References:

  1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/
  2. https://www.genome.gov/10001551/genetic-variation-program/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5100745/
  4. https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Neanderthal/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17962522/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766443/
  7. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2008/09/09/neanderthal-brain-size- at-birth-sheds-light-on-human-evolution/
  8. Cuozzo J., (1998) “Buried Alive the Startling Truth About Neanderthal Man,” Master Books Inc.
  9. http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/prehistoric-humans-are-likely-to-have-formed-mating-networks-to-avoid-inbreeding